Enerji nedeniyle çevre sorunları oluşturulmaması için konut tasarımında kullanılabilecek bir denetim modeli
A Method to be used in housing design process to prevent environmental problems caused by energy use
- Tez No: 39389
- Danışmanlar: PROF.DR. NİLÜFER AĞAT
- Tez Türü: Doktora
- Konular: Mimarlık, Architecture
- Anahtar Kelimeler: Belirtilmemiş.
- Yıl: 1993
- Dil: Türkçe
- Üniversite: İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi
- Enstitü: Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü
- Ana Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
- Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
- Sayfa Sayısı: 120
Özet
ÖZET Çevre sorunları bütün dünyada olduğu gibi yurdumuzda da gittikçe hissedilir olmaktadır. Konunun çözümü ise soruna neden olan bütün sektörlerin problem yaratmayacak bir şekilde geliştirilmeleri ile mümkün olabilecektir. Mimarlıkta da alınan tasarım kararları nedeniyle soruna bazı katkılarda bulunulmaktadır. Bu nedenle tez kapsamı içinde bunlardan konut enerji gereksinimleri nedeniyle oluşanların önlenmesi için mimari tasarımın denetlenmesine ilişkin bir model geliştirilmiştir. Bu amaçla ikinci bölümün ilk yarısında sorunla ilişkili alanlarda, ikinci yarısında ise bu sorunların çözümüne ilişkin çalışmalar hakkında literatür araştırması yapıl mıştır. Çözüme ilişkin bu çalışmalar sınıflandırılarak örneklenmiş tir. üçüncü bölümün ilk yarısında Mimari Tasarım Kararları- Konut Enerji Gereksinimleri- Çevre Sorunları İlişki Sistemini oluşturan boyutlar ve bunlara ait elemanlar belirlenmiş ve tanımları yapılmıştır. üçüncü bölümün ikinci yarısında ise bu boyutlar ve elemanları arasındaki ilişkiler açıklanmış ve matrisler halinde gösterilmiştir. Dördüncü bölümde ise ilk olarak modelin oluşturulmasına temel olması ve olguyu daha net bir biçimde görülebilmesi için önceki bölümlerde bilgilerin şematik bir sentezinin yapıldığı Konut Tasarımı - Enerji Kullanım Alanları - Çevre Sorunları ilişkilerinin basitleştirilerek akış diagramı olarak gösterildiği bir model hazırlanmıştır. Daha sonra bu modelde sorun oluşturan noktalarda mimari tasarımın denetlenebilmesi için gene akış diagramı şek linde bir diğer model hazırlanmıştır. Bu şemanın aşırı büyümesi ve karmaşıklaşmasının önlenmesi nedeniyle farklı enerji kullanım alanına ilişkin tasarım kararlarının denetlenebileceği ayrı alt modellerin hazırlanması uygun bulunmuştur. Bu alt modellerden ısıtmaya ilişkin olanı gene bir akış diagramı şeklinde hazırlanarak gösterilmiştir. Böyle bir ' modelin uygulanması sonucunda konut enerji gereksinmeleri nedeniyle oluşturulan çevre sorunları minimuma indirilebileceği gibi fosil yakıtlara olan bağımlılık azaltılabilecektir. vıı
Özet (Çeviri)
A METHOD TO BE USBD İN HOUSING DESIGN PROCESS TO PREVENT ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS CAUSED BY ENERGY USE SUMMARY The environment is deteriorating in both the industrialized and the developing parts of our planet. The problem is thus most definitely a global concern. in Turkey rapid industrialization and urbanization, combined with a lack of concern for the environment have resulted in much environmental deterioration, some of it irreversible. The restoration of a deteriorated environment is much more expensive and difficult than the prevention of environmental deterioration. Complete restoration is, moreover rarely possible. it is thus absolutely necessary to start studies for protection of the environment in ali sectors which are causing environmental problems, as well as sectors which can be helpful for resolution of the problems with their various contributions. Architecture is öne of these sectors with the energy requirements of the housings during construction, usage and demolishing stages. The aim of this thesis is to develop a model which can be used by architects in design process to reduce ör eliminate the negative impact of the energy requirements of housings on the environment. The data for this thesis has been collected primarily by a wide reading of the literatüre which deals with its subject. The data collection phase of the second part consists of two divisions made of the problem and resolution studies developed in the architectural sector. The studies conceiving to the subjects as well as studies contributing to the results of the problems are included in this part. Several studies are analyzed and grouped according to their subjects and sampled within the'text. Thus, it.will be possible to refer to them to develope the model. viiiin the first section of the third part, dimenaions of the problem area are determined and analyzed. The nine main dimensions are as follows : -Scale -Architectural Decisions -Energy Required Fields -Energy Forms -Energy Besources -Energy Production-Consumption Process -Environment -Environmental Problems -Time. in the second section of the third part, in analyzing these dimensions, their consisting elemente are defined and described briefly. Later, these elements have helped to form the basis of the model. Architectural decisions can be given as an example to these elements as follows : -Location -Transportation -Zoning -Infrastructure -Orientation -Density -Typology -Circulation -Form -Structural system -Construction system -Program -Organization -Specific program -Performance -Selection in order to free the subject from complexities and help to form the model, the interrelations between the elements of these dimensions are determined and have been shown as matrices. Because the dimensions forming the system are related to the dimensions before and after themselves, they show a continuity. Therefore, the sample matrix showing the relationship flow between the dimensions and their ixelements is presented at the end of the third part of the thesis. However, it is posaible to give only öne relationship stage in öne matrix. Thus, it is necessary to form many matrices seperately to demonstrate the relationships which are plenty ör to program the computer accordingly, to be more efficient. The fourth part of the thesis, sets forth a control model designed to prevent environmental problems caused by housing energy requirements determined by architectural designs. For this reason, the relationship of the system elements of the third section have been simplified and put in the form of a flow diagram to form and develop a“housing design - energy requirements - environmental effects”model. This model is consisted of seven majör divisions with their sub-divisions and their elements with their simplified relations. These are as follows :.Requirements.Sources.Facilities.Oesign Stage.. Industrial Design.. Housing Design (Architectural, Engineering).. City Planning. Production Stage.. Building Material Production.. Building Production. Usage Stage t. Housing Usage.. Housing Settlement Usage.. City Usage. Environmental Effects.. Creation of Environmental Problems.. Not Creation of Environmental Problems l! ı Later on, in order not to cause environmental problems due to housing energy requirements at the points where environmental problems occur shown in the first model, another model is developed to control the architectural design process. However, it is not possible to show the vcontrol of such a complex procedure in öne, model. For this reason, the relationships are taken into consideration in their simplest form, and different sub- models are prepared for control of each energy requirement area of the housing. These are the followings 5. Production.. Building Material Production.. Transportation of Building Materials.. Construction. Uaage..Heating..Cooling/Climatization..Ventilation..Lighting..Mechanical Human Circulation..(Pumping) Water Circulation..Transportation..Maintenance At the end of this section, as a sample for the sub- models, a model to control the architectural design process for heating requirements of the housing is submitted as another flow diağram. This sub-model starta with the reading of the necessary 'data. Then the most suitable energy source ör sources to be used for heating purposes are selected according to the rating of severity of environmental problems that they cause. The suitable energy sources are tested to determine whether ör not they can carry the required load and additions are made from the least harmful other sources whenever necessary. After determination of the usable energy sources, two preceding sub-divisions follow. in the first öne, the control of the architectural design is provided according to the selected harmless energy sources. This section starts with the provision of the necessary information. in order to form suitable designs for the selected energy resources, first the physical and chemical principles should be determined in the usage. of this resource. These are information regarding the provision of energy source, storage, transformation to energy, distribution, consumption, storage of the excess energy and further usage of it. xiReflection of the obtained information to architecture and provision of the kind of structural design in housing is provided in the form of written information, drawings and diagrams. Later on, each one of them in all scales which have relationship with this scale are separately controlled. Control lists and programs will be used for such supervisions. At the end of this section, a final check is made for the negative effects which might be created by different architectural decisions. If these are unavoidable the optimums will be found. The second sub- division is related to decreasing the requirement for heating energy. The main aim is not energy saving but preventing environmental problems due to energy usage and thus this part will come into function when the usable energies cause an environmental problem or bring about an economical burden. Another reason for analyzing this section separately is to provide an easier observation of the work to be done while preventing complexities of the program. In this section, the architectural design decisions are supervised separately in each scale for the following three main themes of the efficient usage of the heat, evaluation of the other interior energy resources to be used in heating and decreasing the total volume to be heated. At the end of this section, the decisions controlled here are checked to see whether or not they effect negatively the decisions obtained from the part of supervision of harmless energy usage. In negative situations, optimums should be obtained. As a result of this, the supervision and control of heating process is finalized and we go back to the point where we have stopped in the basic model. Since the aim of this model is to guide and control the architectural design process and not to design alone by itself, designers' consciousness on environmental matters plays an important role. Consequently, energy usage within housing systems, and environmental relations are given in a short and systemized way in XIIorder to emphasize and spread the importance of environmental concepts and a basic information to serve as a spine to build över other supplementary knowledge about the subject. As a result of such an emphasis, the possibilities of energy usage without causing environmental problems together with the increase of minimum usage of petroleum which is a valuable and decreasing raw material will be obtained. in this way it will be possible to utilize this energy source in other sectora. Furthermore, the decreasing usage of this energy source which has been among the primary items of the importation list of Turkey f ör many years, may contribute in a positive way to the future economic balance of the country. xiii
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