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İstanbul-İkitelli örneğinde uzaktan algılama verileri kullanarak metropoliten analizi

Başlık çevirisi mevcut değil.

  1. Tez No: 39449
  2. Yazar: ŞİNASİ KAYA
  3. Danışmanlar: DOÇ.DR. OĞUZ MÜFTÜOĞLU
  4. Tez Türü: Yüksek Lisans
  5. Konular: Jeodezi ve Fotogrametri, Şehircilik ve Bölge Planlama, Geodesy and Photogrammetry, Urban and Regional Planning
  6. Anahtar Kelimeler: Belirtilmemiş.
  7. Yıl: 1993
  8. Dil: Türkçe
  9. Üniversite: İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi
  10. Enstitü: Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü
  11. Ana Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
  12. Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
  13. Sayfa Sayısı: 54

Özet

t-.*:."!,'-*. *«| mm ÖZET Dünya nüfusunun hızla artması nedeniyle, dünya kaynakları hakkında daha kapsamlı bilgi edinilmesi isteg i, bu kaynak ların homojen bir şekilde kullanımı, bölgeseller arasında ki durumunun incelenmesi ve planlanması gereği ortaya çık mıştır. Son yıllarda uydu verilerinden elde edilen bilgile rin, görüntü işleme tekniklerine bağlı olarak kullanılması bu tür çalışmala taknolojik bir yenilik getirmiştir. Bu yöntemleri inceleyen bilim dalına Uzaktan Algılama denir. Arada fiziksel bir temas olmaksızın, cisimlerin özellikleri hakkında bilgi toplama olarak tanımlanan bu bilim dalı son yıllarda askeri amaçlar dışında, sivil amaçlı geniş kullan ma alanı bulmuştur. Günümüzde çok sayıda uydu çeşitli amaçlarla faaliyetini sürdürmektedir, önceleri çözünürlükleri bakımından yetersiz olan bu veriler şehircilikte kullanılmamıştır. Oysa ki gü nümüzde özellikle LANDSAT-5 TM uydusu ile SPOT' tan elde edilen verilerin çözünürlükleri bölgesel çalışmalar için yeterli olduğundan kentsel arazi kullanımda kullanılmaya başlanmıştır. LANDSAT-5 TM çözünürlüğünün 30 m' ye, SPOT' un çözünürlüğünün 10 m' ye ulaşması önemli bir gelişmedir. Bu doğruluklar 1:250 000 ölçekli haritaların yapımı, 1:50 000 ve 1:100 000 ölçekli haritaların güncelleştirilmesi için yeterlidir. Görüntü verilerini içeren magnetik band (CCT), görüntü iş leme sisteminde incelenerek, çalışma için gerekli renkli ve sınıflandırılmış görüntüler oluşturulmuştur, örnekleme böl geleri seçilerek bunlar arazide kontrol edilmiş, daha sonra sınıflandırma işlemi yapılmıştır. Elde edilen görüntülerin yorumlaması yapılarak, bölgenin coğrafi yapısı, bölge arazi kullanımı ve fiziksel yapı hakkında sonuç bölümünde bu bil giler sunulmuştur. vi

Özet (Çeviri)

SUMMARY THE METROPOLITAN ANALYSES BY USING THE REMOTE SEN SING DATA WITHIN THE EXAMPLE OF ISTANBUL-IKITELLI Remote Sensing is the measurement or acquisition of data about an object or scene by a satellite or other instruments above or far from the object. Aerial photography, satellite imagery and radar are all forms of remotely sensed data. Remote sensing is an application of photogrammetry in which imagery is acquired with a sensor, other than a conventional camera through which a scene is recorded, such as by electronic scanning, using radiations outside the normal visual range of the film and camera-microwave, thermal infrared, ultraviolet as well as multispectral. Special techniques are applied to process and interpret remote sensing imagery for the purpose of producing conventional maps, thematic maps, resource surveys, and so on, in the fields of agriculture, archeology, forestry, geography, geology and others. In general however Remote Sensing consists of two distinct stages; data acquisition, involving the use of different remote sensing data and data analysis in order to process and interpret the data. In 1972, NASA initiated the first program specializing in the acquisition of remotely sensed digital satellite data. The Landsat satellite was the first satellite put in orbit for the express purpose gathering images of the earth. The first two systems were called ERTS for Earth Resources Technology Satellites. They were later renamed to Landsat. The original bands for ERTS were designed for agricultural monitoring. Later they were found to be good for geology as well, so two new bands were added to the Thematic Mapper scanner specifically for gathering geologic information. There have been five Landsat Satellites launched since 1972. Landsat 1,2 and 3 are no longer operating but Landsat 4 and 5 are still in orbit to gather data.The MSS (Multispectral Scanner) is a line scanner device which uses an oscillating mirror to scan at right angles to the satellite flight directions. This approach contrasts with the spinning scan mirror normally adapted for aircraft MSS systems. The MSS system of the Landsat 2 had a nominal ground resolution cell of approximately 56m x 79m. Each Landsat MSS scene covers and area approximately 185km x 185km, consisting of 2340 scan lines with about 3240 picture elements or pixel per line. Return beam with vidicon camera system of Landsat-2 had a ground resolution cell of 79m x 79m. Unlike Landsat-4 and 5, Landsat 1-3 were not equipped with thematic mapper systems. The MSS, from Landsat 4 and 5, has a swath width of approximately 185 km from a height of approximately 705 km. MSS data are widely used for general geologic studies as well as vegetation inventories. The spatial resolution of MSS data is 57m x 79m, with a 79m x 79m IFOV. A typical scene contains approximately 2340 rows and 3240 columns. The radiometric resolution is 7 bits, but it is stored as 8 bits. The TM scanner is a multispectral scanning system much like the MSS, except that the TM sensor records reflected / emitted electromagnetic energy from the visible, reflective - infrared, middle infrared and thermal infrared regions of the spectrum. TM, has higher spatial, spectral and radiometric resolution than MSS. TM, has a swath width of approximately 185 km. from a height of approximately 705 km. It is useful in the determining vegetation type and health, soil moisture, snow and cloud differentiation, rock type discrimination, etc. The spatial resolution of TM is 30x30 m. for all bands except the thermal (band 6), which has a spatial resolution of 120x120 m. but it is resampled to 30x30 m. to match the other bands. The radiometric resolution is 8 - bits, meaning that each pixel has possible range of data values from 0 to 255. Bands 1, 2 and 3 are in the visible portion of the spectrum and are useful in detecting cultural features such as roads. Water in details are also shown in these bands. VlllBands 4, 5 and 7 are in the reflective infrared portion of the spectrum and can be used in land / water discrimination. Band 6, is in thermal portion of the spectrum and is used for thermal mapping. The band designations, spectral ranges and principal applications are; Ranrf Number Spectral Range Applications 1 2 4 5 6 7 0.45 to 0.52 0.52 to 0.60 0.63 to 0.69 0.76 to 0.90 1.55 to 1.75 10.40 to 12.50 2.08 to 2.35 Water penetration Measurements of visible green reflectance Water pollution, vegetation, d işerimi nation Belination of water bodies Water resources Thermal mapping Geological mapping The main advantages of LANDSAT imagery can be stated as follows; a) Coverage of large areas. Each scene covers an area of some 33000 km. b) Repetitive cover. Most LANDSAT scenes have been recorded more than ones, enabling the interpreter to compare views of the terrain taken in different years, or ah different seasons. c) Data are compatible Landsat data can be digitally processed by computer in order to produce images that are easier to interpret, thereby improving the quality of the interpretation. d) Availability. Landsat data is easily obtainable from the EROS Data center in the USA or from any regional remote sensing centers. e) Low cost. The cost of utilizing Landsat data depends largely on whether the image is examined on photographic film, paper or on an image processing system. The SPOT satellite system, developed by the French Center- National d' Etudes Spatiales, was launched in early 1986. The sensor operate in two models, multispectral and panchromatic. SPOT panchromatic has 10 x 10 m spatial resolutions contains 1 band 0.51 to 0.73 micron and is similar to a IXblack and white photographs. It has a radiometric resolution of 8 bits. SPOT XS, or multispectral has 20 x 20 m spatial resolution 8 bits radiometric resolution and contains 3 bands. In general terms, an image is a digital picture or representation of an object. Remotely sensed image data are digital representations of the earth. The term pixel is abbreviated from picture elements. As an“elements”, a pixel is the smallest part of a picture (image). Supervised training is more closely controlled by the people deals with analysis. In this process, pixels that represent patterns are selected to recognize, or this process can be done using other sources such as aerial photographs, ground data or maps. Knowledge of the data, and of the classes desired, is required before classification. Unsupervised training is more computer automated. It allows to the people to specify same parameters that are inherent in the data. These patterns do not necessarily correspond to directly meaningful characteristics of the scene, such as contiguous, easily recognized areas of a particular soil type or land use. They are simply groups of pixels with similar spectral characteristics. Unsupervised training is dependent upon the data itself for the definition of classes. This methods are usually used when less is known about the data before classification. Urban land use, consisting of buildings, transportation networks, businesses, parks and a variety of mixed uses, represents high frequency detail. Thus, remotely sensed data with high spatial resolution may be required for urban studies. In order to determine the spatial resolution necessary for specific types of urban studies. It is appropriate to examine the sizes, densities and contrast of features typically encountered in urban environments around the world. In remote sensing datas are classification with land features, land use and land use cover classification system for use with remote sensing data. x1) Urban or Built-up Land - Residental - Commercial and services - Industrial - Transportation, Communications and Utilities - Industrial and Commercial Complexes - Mixed urban or built-up land - Other urban or built-up land 2) Agricultural Land - Cropland and Pasture - Orchards, Groves, Vineyards, Nurseries and Ornamental Horticultural Areas - Confined Feeding Operations - Other Agricultural Land. 3) Range land - Herbaceous Rangeland - Shrub and Brush Rangeland - Mixed Rangeland 4) Forest Land - Deciduous Forest Land - Evergreen Forest Land - Mixed Forest Land 5) Water - Streams and Canals - Lakes - Reservoirs - Bays and Estuaries 6) Wetlands - Forested wetlands - Nonforested wetlands 7) Barren Land - Dry Salt Flats - Beaches - Sandy Areas other than Beaches - Bare Exposed Rock - Strip Mines, Quarries and Gravel Pits - Transitional Areas - Mixed Barren Land 8) Tundra - Shrub and Brush Tundra - Herbaceous Tundra - Bare Ground Tundra - Wet Tundra - Mixed Tundra 9) Perennial Snow or Ice - Perennial Snowfields - Glaciers xi

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