Hafif duvar tuğlası üretiminde perlit ve bazı katkıların etkilerinin araştırılması
Başlık çevirisi mevcut değil.
- Tez No: 39460
- Danışmanlar: PROF.DR. NİHAT TOYDEMİR
- Tez Türü: Doktora
- Konular: Mimarlık, Architecture
- Anahtar Kelimeler: Belirtilmemiş.
- Yıl: 1993
- Dil: Türkçe
- Üniversite: İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi
- Enstitü: Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü
- Ana Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
- Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
- Sayfa Sayısı: 166
Özet
ÖZET Bu çalışmada, daha iyi ısı tutan, buna karşın mekanik da yanımı yeterli düzeyde olabilen, buhar difüzyonu yönünden de istenilen koşulları karşılayabilen bir tuğla duvar malzemesi üretilmesi ve bu üretim için gerekli malzemeyi sağlayacak maddeler ve üretim koşullarının deneysel olarak araştırılması amaçlanmıştır. Bu yaklaşıma uygun olarak; tuğlayı hafifletmek ve bu yolla ısı yalıtım değerini arttırmak için genleşmiş perlit; perlit katkısı ile azalması olası mekanik dayanımları yeterli düzeyde tutabilmek için Etibank Bandırma Boraks ve Borik Asit Fabrikası bor bile- şikli üretim artığı ve ayrıca soda-kireç camı tozu, boşluklu hale gelen bünye yapısını, buhar difüzyonu yönün den de istenilen düzeyde tutabilmek için ise“NaOH”maddeleri katkı olarak seçilmiştir. Çalışmanın ikinci bölümünde, tez konusuna yönelik olarak, hafif tuğla malzemeleri ile ilgili bir yayın taraması yapılmıştır. Üçüncü bölümde, deneysel çalışma ile üretilen hafif tuğla duvar malzemesinin oluşumunda etkin olan hammaddeler (kil, perlit, atık, cam tozu ve NaOH) sırasıyla incelenmiştir. Dördüncü bölümde, pişmiş toprak seramiklerin kristal yapısını oluşturan silikat yapıları, seramik malzeme oluşumun da etkin katılaşma türleri, ve tuğla bünyesinde pişme ile meydana gelen değişimler incelenmiştir. Deneysel çalışma iki bölümden oluşmuştur. Araştırılacak konunun deney koşulları, kapsamı ve yönteminin belirlene - bilmesi amacıyla yapılan ön deneylerin yer aldığı çalışmanın beşinci bölümünde, seçilen belli özelikteki karışımlar, altı farklı deney yapılarak incelenmiş ve sonuçlar karşı.« laştırmalı olarak bu bölümde verilmiştir. Çalışmanın altın cı bölümünde, ön deneylerde elde edilen verilerin ışığında, ana deneylerde üretilecek olan karışım tipleri (serileri) belirlenmiş ve konu deney sayısı arttırılarak daha ayrıntı lı olarak ele alınmıştır. Yedinci bölümde elde edilen bulguların değerlendirilmesi ve irdelenmes inden sonra sonuç olarak; başlangıçta belirle nen amacın seçilen katkı maddeleri ile önemli ölçüde ger - çekleştiği anlaşılmış, özellikle atık katkısının bu çalış mada üretilen diğer karışımlarla karşılaştırıldığında en iyi sonucu verdiği görülmüştür. xiv
Özet (Çeviri)
INVESTIGATION OF THE EFFECTS OF PERLİTE AND OTHER ADDITIVES IN THE PRODUCTION OF LIGHTWEIGHT MASONRY BRICKS SUMMARY As a country in the process of development influenced by a continuous social and economic change, Turkey is known to be confronted by a significantly large building deficit and the cost of materials of current buildings constitutes an important part of the total building cost. In this context, investigation of material production possibilities based on local resources becomes as significant as the other factors that may be effective in the solution of this problem. On the other hand, taking precautions for energy conservation has become a necessity. In this study, by considering the problems mentioned above, the production possibilities of lightweight wall bricks of fired clay have been attempted to be investigated experimentally with a hypothetic-deductive approach. To achive this objective the following additives have been chosen: o Expanded perlite, for reducing the weight of brick and therefore increasing it's heat resistance, o By-product with boron compound which is treated as industrial waste from the Bandırma Borax and Acid Boric Factory of Etibank and also soda-lime. glass powder, for achieving acceptable mechanical strength which may be reduced with the addition of perlite, o NaOH, for obtaining adequate vapour diffusion in the structure of brick which has become porous. In the second part of the study the literature have been reviewed on the subject of lightweight wall bricks of fired clây. The review has shown that the following additives have been used for weight-reduction; o Inorganic materials like expanded perlite, vermiculite, mineral wool fibres such as rockwool etc. o Organic materials like furnace slag, rice husk or ash, rope fibre, sawdust, coal, straw, chicken feather, human hair, polystyrene, fly- ash, waste paper etc. xvo On the other hand materials for improving mechanical strength are cement, pebbles, waste glass powder, glass particles, additives with boron compounds, expanded perlite in small proportions (^5 %j and materials with alkaline oxides. These studies concerned with the use of local resourses and waste recycling, seem to have disregarded the low- temperature carbonization gases that emerge from the organic materials in the firing process and that are extremely damaging in terms of environmental health. In the third part, the additives selected by experimental work for the production of lightweight wall bricks have been examined in the following order and manner: o Clay: In this part the formation in nature, mineralogical and chemical composition and properties like plasticity, cohesion, shrinkage, thixotrpy and colour have been extensively studied since clay is the raw material of fired bricks. Properties related to the clay used in the experimental work have also been included in this part. o Perlite: In this part the physical and chemical properties of expanded perlite that is added to clay for reducing the weight, have been examined and also the advantages of using expanded perlite in the production of bricks have been summed up. The physical and chemical composition of perlite used in the experimental work has been given at the end of this part. o Waste Additive: By referring to the boron ion as the main ingredient of waste additive, the importance of boron compounds in the production of ceramics and the results of the chemical analysis for this additive have been discussed in this part. o Glass Powder: The physical and chemical properties of glass powder added to clay in order to form a structure in the body of brick and also the parameters effective in glass production have been discussed here. o NaOII: Sodium compounds that generally have a melting and vitrifying effect on ceramics, have been discussed in this part with consideration to the collodial properties of clay. In the fourth part of this study, the general properties of ceramics are discussed under the following headings: o Silicate structures, forming the crystalline structure öf ceramic materials. xv io Solidification types effective in the production of ceramic materials, and o The change in the body of clay due to firing. Experimental work consists of two parts. The fifth part covers the preliminary tests. In this part, in order to determine the testing conditions, method and extent of the subject to be examined selected mixes with certain properties and consisting of additives mentioned above, have been compared. Shrinkage, water absorbtion, density, static modulus of elasticity, bending and compression tests have been conducted on samples categorised in seven different groups and the comparative results have been presented. At the end of this part, it has been concluded that the selected additive materials for producing lightweight bricks have in general a positive effects on achieving the objectives. In the light of these results, a more detailed approach has been described in the sixth part where the experimental work was planned as below: o Production of a batch of plain brick in order to investigate the effectiveness of additive materials and to be able to compare the samples to be produced with plain brick, o Production of one batch of samples for all additive types except the NaOH plus waste additive (10 % - 50 %) with an incremental increase of 10 % from 10 % to 90 % in order to examine more accurately the change in the effect of perlite additive on bricks, o Even though glass powder, added in any one of the propertions of 5,10 and 15 %, has shown to improve the mechanical and physical properties of brick it has been decided that 10 % by weight would be the most suitable because of the difficulty of obtaining glass powder in a certain particle size and also since 15 % glass powder ratio would cause a considerable increase in weight compared to clay consequently raising the cost of production significantly. o On the other hand, the availability of boron compound waste, that is a by-product of the Borax and Acidboric factory and is not of any use at all, the damage caused by this compound to the environment and also the positive effects of it observed in the preliminary tests are the reasons for deciding on the most appropriate proportion of 15 % by weight, when the best results can be obtained. xviio Testing of the effects of NaOH additive, in the proportion of 3 % as determined in the preliminary tests, when mixed with the waste additive. In line with these decisions, all batches have been subjected to the tests described in the fifth part. This process in covered by the sixth part. However the batches produced have been tested additionally in this part for plasticity water, drying shrinkage and volumetric water absorbtion. Density, heat conductivity and vapour diffusion resistance factor tests have been performed on samples from certain selected batches. The seventh part contains the evaluation and interpreta tion of the test results. Results for each group of samples have been first compared within the same group then with respect to those for the plain bricks. Subsequently these groups with different additive materials have been compared with each other. In the eighth and final part the conclusions are presented. The subject has been treated in terms of the recommendations for production and the levels of effectiveness of additive materials on lightweight bricks produced. Finally the study has been brought to an end by suggestions for future work that may be undertaken on the same subject. When the additive materials in regarded as the main criterion the following general conclusions can be reached: o As the ratio of expanded perlite additive increases the unit volume weight and consequently the heat conductivity, mechanical strength and vapour diffusion resistance factor of brick with and without additives decreases. o The expanded perlite additive enables a more economical and rational production to be made by inducing an homogenous composition of the brick substance and therefore eliminating any splits and cracks that may occur due to shrinkage during the drying and firing stages. Furthermore by means of providing sufficient porosity and oxidization- in the body the perlite additive has overcome production defects such as black cores due to additives causing premature vitrification during firing. o Because of perlite being an inorganic material, the problem of low temperature carbonization gas emission is hence solved as well. o Despite the fact that glass powder additive allows higher gains to be made in mechanical strength than with plain brick (49.03 - 17.49 N/mm2 ) > (47.87-13.60 N/mm2), the production of glass powder imposes an additional cost. xviiio The waste additive has proved to be more effective than glass powder in terms of mechanical strength, (60.10-24.07 N/mm2) > (49.03-17.49 N/mm2). The use of this additive that is available without any cost, allows this material that otherwise pollutes the environment, to be exploited beneficially and also positive qualitative changes to be obtained. o The use of NaOH as an additive (»^3 %) has has been observed to be effective in the control of vapour diffusion resistance factor. o As a result the waste additive displays the highest performance when compared with the other alternatives in this study. An example of it's application may be the production of solid or hollow bricks in load-bearing building construction. Especially under the circumtances when improving the mechanical strength is required without actually any regard for increasing the thermal performance, the use of waste additive has been hereby ascertained as a viable subject for research. xix
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