Ömerli baraj gölünün su kalitesi değerlendirilmesi
Assesment of Ömerli Dam's water quality
- Tez No: 39695
- Danışmanlar: PROF.DR. İ. ETHEM GÖNENÇ
- Tez Türü: Yüksek Lisans
- Konular: Çevre Mühendisliği, Environmental Engineering
- Anahtar Kelimeler: Belirtilmemiş.
- Yıl: 1994
- Dil: Türkçe
- Üniversite: İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi
- Enstitü: Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü
- Ana Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
- Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
- Sayfa Sayısı: 89
Özet
ÖZET Ömerli baraj gölü İstanbul'un %32'sine ve hatta Darlık barajından boru hattıyla gelen 110 m3 suyla birlikte %48.5'ine su sağlamaktadır. İstanbul için önem taşıyan bu gölün su kalitesinin belirlenmesi ve buna bağlı olarak mevcut yararlı kullanımın devam edebilmesi için alınması gerekli önlemlerin ne olabileceği üzerinde çalışılmıştır. Yapılan su kalitesi değerlendirmesine göre göl ötrofik durumdadır ve bunu engellemek için öncelikle dış besin yükü girişinin kontrolü gereklidir, özellikle de fosfor girişinin engellenmesi önemlidir. Bunu yapmak için öncelikle havzanın sosyal, teknik, ekonomik ve ekolojik özellikleri göz önünde bulundurulmalı ve uygun bir gözleme programı uygulanmalıdır. Bu program sonucunda elde edilen verilerin değerlendirilmesi gereklidir. Böylece uygulanan ötrofikasyon kontrol yönteminin başarısının ne olduğu da anlaşılır. En etkili ötrofikasyon kontrol metodu kirliliği kaynağında yok etmektir. Bunun için kirliliğin direkt olarak derelerde giderimi uygun görülmektedir. Derelerin göle giriş noktalarında uygulanan yöntemlerden biri veya bir kaçının uygulanmasıyla ötrofikasyon kontrolü yapılması etkili olacaktır. IX
Özet (Çeviri)
SUMMARY Assesment of Ömerli Dam's Water Quality Istanbul that is expected to have a population around 20.000.000 inhabitants in the next century being one of the most developed metropolitan areas of the world is suffering and will do in future due to the uncontrolled developing, illegal housing and lack of infrastructural needs. Istanbul Municipality procedures the drinking water from many sources but especially from the ground water reservoirs. Therefore the pollution possibility of these reservoirs is a real danger threatening the citizens. Ömerli Dam that is located on the Asian part of Istanbul and supplying percentage 32 of Istanbul water demand for the time being is now under the blackmail of the illegal settlements occured in some suburbs such as Sultanbeyli, Sarigazi, etc. The danger is so big and so up to date that everybody is aware of and if statistically invastigated it may be said that illegal poppulatin in the defined area is dubling in every ten year. And even now signs of population may be seen in the Dam water and some precaution has to be taken as soon as possible In this study was to determine the present pollution situation of Ömerli Dam Reservoir and creeks flowing in to the reservoir. For this purpose, various water pollution parameters were evaluated for related to trophic status. The parameters, especially phosphorus was where can enter the waterbody, discussed. Both point sources and non point sources were discussed. The nutrient load from municipal and industrial point sources includes the direct discharge of sewage or effluents from a treatment facility. The quantity of pollutants discharged depends on such factors as the wastewater flow rate, degree and type of waste terat ment used, and the constituents in the influent wastewaters. Nutrients are deposited via atmospheric inputs directly onto the surface of a lake or reservoir from precipitation, dry fallout and/ by turbulent transfer to the water surface.Atmospheric nutrient deposition can include both particulate and soluble nutrient forms. Rural sources of phosphorus and nitrogen include land drainage from agricultural and forested areas. Significant agricultural diffuse sources include animal operations, such as from animal feedlots, leaking manure stacks and urine tanks and farm wasrewaters. The classifying approaches, first one describes a simple empirical system, based on the trophic classification scheme developed from the OECD (1982) international eutrophication study. And the second approach to clasification describes a more detail classification system, based on a Technical Standard uses in the German Democratic Republic. The second approach was used in this study. This detailed classification method evaluates water quality on the basis of several classes of criteria. These are; 1. Hydrographic and territorial criteria; 2. Trophic criteria; and 3. Salt content, special and hygienically relevant criteria Furthermore, these three criteria classes are sub divided into three groups of characteristics. Classification of a lake or reservoir is based on several criteria fron each group of characteristics being ecaluated. Hydrographic and territorial criteria can be sub divided into three groups of characteristics : 1. Waterbody morphology 2. Hydrographic relations between catchement area and waterbody; and 3. Anthropogenic nutrient load. The trophic criteria are concerned with the balance of materials in standing waters, and can be sub divided into the following groups of characteristics. 1. Oxygen balance; 2. Nutrient balance; and 3. Bioproduction XIDissolved solids, special and hygenicaly relevant criteria comprise groups of additional characteristisc which are significant from the perspective of water uses as follows. 1. Dissolved solids; 2. Special criteria; and 3. Hygenical relevant criteria And than the data obtained was compaired with various standards to determine the quality of the lake as a potable water resource. Some approaches were given for selection of effective strategies for the managament of eutrophication. It's belive that the most effective external nutrient control is long - term strategy for attempting to control eutrophication of natural lakes and reservoirs. The final selection of an appropriate control strategy should be a multi - judgement based on the relevant social, technical, economical, and ecological aspects. For the control of the phosphorus load can to be used two methods; 1. Point sources control 2. Non - point sources control There are three methods that can be control of point sources. The first one is direct reduction of phosphorus at source. Phosphate elimination by cehmical precipitation during the sewage treatment process. Municipal sewage can be treated in a mechanical- biological treatment plant, using cehemical precipitation methods to eliminate the phosphate. Phosphate are precipitated from municipal wastewaters with use of aluminum or iron salts or lime. Restriction of detergent phosphates; it is possible to restrict the quantity of phosphates in detergents, assuming suitable phosphate substitutes are available. But alternative compounds must not cause new environmental problems. Land use controls; this method involves the restriction of control of land use activities in a drainage basin which result in the runoff of nutrients to a lake or reservoirs. The second one is treatment of tributary influent waters XllPre-reservoirs; a reduction of nutrients in tributaries can be achived with the use of bioreactors. The elimination of phosphorus in pre- reservouirs is related to the enhancement of bioproductivity. Physical/Chemical treatment of influent tributary waters before entering waterbody; lakes and reservoirs can be treated by means of flocculation and filtration of phophorus from the tributary inflow waters. The prominent example of this approach is the phosphorus elimination plant in the Wahnbach Reservoirs. Direct addition of phosphorus precipitating chemicals to the influent waters; the external nutrient load to lake also can be reduced by the direct addition of chemicals which precipitate phosphates to the influent water at the point the water flows into the lake. Filtration of tributary water through an aluminum oxide filter: phosphorus removal from small tributaries is the use of activated alumina columns, this method is useful mainly with small flows (< 50 1/s) of phosphorus-rich waters. The third one is Canalization / diversion of wastewaters; when the nutrient load to waterbody comes mainly from very localized sources in the drainage basin, one can collect the wastewaters in sewer pipes and divert. Seepage trenches; seepage trenches operate on the principal that phosphorus is removed when water passes through soil. The process is most effective when fine-grained sandy clays are present in the soil. Control of non-point source; major non-point sources are urban non-point nutrient sources and agricultural non-point sources. Urban non-point nutrient sources, urban runoff can have a significant impact on the quality of receiving bodies of waters. Agricultural non-point sources, in attempting to reduce the potential impacts of agricultural activities on the eutrophication of lakes and reservoirs, two major control goals are 1. Application of natural and mineral fertilizers in a manner that inhibits their transport and entrance into waterbodies. 2. Preventation of soil erosion to the maximum degree. XlllIn lake eutrophication control measures include the following: 1. Nutrient in activation. 2. Flow augmentation/flushing 3. Hypolimnetic aeration 4. Circulation 5. Selective removal of hypolimnetic waters 6. Lake level drawdown 7. Covering bottom sediments 8. Sediments removal 9. Harvesting 10. Biological control 1 1. Chemical control The selected method for the Ömerli Dam are to steps. The first step is advised using the aquatic floating plants for example, water hyacinth and duckweed or fish, so the natural methods should be used. The second one is collected the nutrient - laden waters in sewer pipes and divert them. XIV
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