Vardiya çalışmasının ergonomik tasarımı
The Ergonomical design of shiftwork
- Tez No: 39867
- Danışmanlar: PROF.DR. AHMET F. ÖZOK
- Tez Türü: Doktora
- Konular: Endüstri ve Endüstri Mühendisliği, Industrial and Industrial Engineering
- Anahtar Kelimeler: Belirtilmemiş.
- Yıl: 1993
- Dil: Türkçe
- Üniversite: İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi
- Enstitü: Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü
- Ana Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
- Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
- Sayfa Sayısı: 277
Özet
ÖZET“Vardiya çalışması”kavramı genel olarak alışagelmedik tüm mesai sürelerini içerecek anlamda kullanılır. Ancak her alışagelmedik mesai süresi, vardiya çalışması anlamına gelmez, örneğin; hafta sonunda çalışıyor olmak veya belli bir süre fazla mesai nedeniyle işten geç çıkma durumu vardiyalı çalışılıyor anlamına gelmez. 0 halde vardiya çalışması nedir ?. Ülkemizde bu konuda tespit ettiği miz kavram karmaşası, belirgin bir tanım eksikliğinden kaynaklanmak tadır. Ne yazık ki bu tanım eksikliği vardiya konusunda güçlükle bulunabilen birkaç verinin de güvenirliliğini ortadan kaldırmakta dır. Bu nedenle birinci bölümde vardiya çalışmasının tanım ve sınıflandırılmasına genişçe yer verilmiştir. Bu bölümde ayrıca vardiya çalışmasının belli başlı nedenleri, Türkiye ve gelişmiş batı ülkeleriyle karşılaştırmalı olarak sıralanmaktadır. Vardiya çalışmasının neden olduğu fizyolojik, psikolojik ve sosyolojik etkiler, geniş bir literatür taramasına dayalı olarak ikinci bölümde sunulmuştur. Bu bölümde özellikle vardiyanın vardiyalıya olan fizyolojik, pikolojik bedeli, ailevi ve sosyal çevresine olan etkisi, ayrıca performansına ve uyum kabiliyetine ne şekilde yansıdığı ergonomik bakış açısıyla analiz edilmektedir. Bu etkileri minimize edecek doğrultuda vardiya çalışmasının mesai süresi, mesai organizasyonu ve matematiksel model leme yaklaşımı ile tasarımı ise üçüncü bölümde dile getirilmiştir. Genellikle vardiya sistemlerinin birçoğu bilimsel tasarım yaklaşımından yoksun, alışagelmiş belli anlayışlar doğrultusunda düzenlenir. Vardiyalının ihtiyaç ve sorunlarına çözüm getirebilecek vardiya sistemlerinin tasarımında, gözönüne alınması gereken ergonomik kriterlerin saptanması, tanımlanması ve formüle edilmesi konusu yine üçüncü bölümde işlenmektedir. Ülkemiz koşullarında vardiya çalışmasının çok yönlü etkilerini sınayan saha araştırmamız ise,“ergonomik vardiya tasarımının”önemini bir kez daha vurgulamaktadır. Saha araştırmasının da ortaya koyduğu gibi vardiyalı çalışan, işsizlik veya ekonomik gerekçelerle vardiya koşullarına göz yummaktadır. Ancak vardiya koşullarının güçlüğü kadar, vardiya koşullarına uyum gösterememenin, vardiya problemini şiddetlendirdiği de bir başka gerçektir. 0 halde sorulması gereken;“ Vardiya koşulları nasıl hafifletilebilir ve daha insanca bir düzenlemeye kavuşturulabilir ?”; " Çalışan hangi koşullar altında vardiya şartlarına en iyi uyumu gösterebilir ?? Kuşkusuz her koşula ve her işletmeye uygun, mükemmel sayılabilecek tek bir vardiya sisteminden bahsedilemez. Ancak mevcut koşullar altında ve her firmanın kendi personel politikası ve niteliği doğrultusunda, optimum sayılabilecek bir vardiya sistemi tasarlana bilir. Bu konuda izlenmesi gereken ilke ve öneriler ise sonuç bölümünde toparlanmıştır. vııı
Özet (Çeviri)
SUMMARY THE ERGONOMİ C AL DESIGN OF SHIFTWORK Shiftwork is certainly tending to develop rapidly in all industrial countries. The purpose of this research is to notify people in industry, information from a variety of sources about the human aspects of shiftwork and to point to practical conclusions when this is warranted. The study is based partly on published material and research findings. In one sense all the working members of the community are on shifts, only most people work a normal spell during the day and may be considered as working a day shift in the morning and afternoon. An increasing number of people in modern society are working outside these hours which are considered normal, and are referred to as, shiftworkers in contrast to day workers. In another sense shifts are taken to refer to the change of work-people between spells of work as in alternating or multiple shifts. In the present study“shiftwork”will refer to the working of unusual hours outside those that are considered normal in the morning and afternoon, while a shift will refer to any continous spell of work and will usually be named, eg morning, afternoon or night shift. That means the concept of“shiftwork”generally includes all the irregular working hours. However, this doesn't mean that every irregular working period is a“shiftwork”. In fact; working during weekends or working overtime wouldn't identify a“shiftwork”. Then, what is considered as a“shiftwork”?. The mis-identification of“shiftwork”in our country has mainly arised because of the lack of a specific description. Unfortunately, this missing description is also destroying the validity of a few datas about shiftwork. From this approach; the first part of the report widely includes the description and classification of“shiftwork”. In addition; primary reasons of“shiftwork”is presented, (in comparison with the economic situation of Turkey and the developed western countries.) Shiftwork is introduced in industry to secure a greater utilization of capital invested in plant and equipment for the longer the equipment is operated during the year the more unit costs may decline. IXIn the general sense it will be profitable to adopt shiftwork if the increased return on capital exceeds by a sufficient margin the increased costs of shiftwork. The questions will arise about how to introduce shiftwork and what form it should take. One way of viewing the problem is to consider the position at different stages in the development of the firm. If a company is to invest in a new factory or a new process or plant, it is part of the investment decision to determine the number of hours the plant will operate during the year, which will involve a costing exercise comparing day shiftworking with different types of shiftwork. The costing alone is not sufficient, for many social conditions will have to be taken into account as well, in reaching decision to work in shifts;for instance, the availability of labour, the attitude of the trade unions, the prevelance of shiftwork in the area, etc. The biological effects of shiftwork occur when night work is involved. tyork at abnormal times during the day may lead to inconvenience and disturbance in social life, but it has little or no physical effect, while with night work and the rotation between day and night shifts, physical habits are disturbed and there is an alteration of physical rhythms. It is obvious that by working at night sleeping habits will have to be altered, meal times displaced and there may be effects on habits of elimination, but in addition to these changes there is disturbance to the c i read i an rhythms which follow the 24 hour day/night cycle. A question is whether variations in circadian rhythms are reflected in the performance of people at work or not ? There is the difficulty of relating output to individual efficiency in any real sense, for output often depends on machine efficiency, maintenance, fluctuations in the supply of- materials, etc, which are unrelated to the operators own efficiency. Factory workers as a rule work well below their maximum performance so that there is“spare capacity”which they can call on if they should need to, and this tends to mask any variation in their underlying efficiency. (For all these reasons scientists are compelled to study the subject in the laboratory where they can control variables other than those they are studying more rigorously which isn't possible to do in the field. It is common to talk of shiftworking as abnormal, nightwork as unnatural, shiftworkers as being isolated and so forth. These sayings all imply that the shiftworker is in an unnatural relationship to the other members of his community and in a sense apart from them.There are two concepts which are useful in exploring the difficulties of shiftworkers. The first is role. How effictively can the shiftworker fulfill the roles he is expected to play in the community ? The second is the“social dimension”of time. How does the shiftworker cope with disorganisation to the normal temporal patterns of his social and domestic life ? The physiological, psychological and sociological effects of“shiftwork”, depending on a wide range of search is presented in the second part. In this section, the physiological, psychological outcomes of“shiftwork”, effects on family life, effects on performance and abilities, are examined from an ergonomic point of view. In arriving at decisions about shiftwork there needs to be an awareness of the biological background to it, of the social and cultural factors involved, of those factors which make for economic efficiency and high productivity, and of political events such as negotiated agreements, legal requirements and the effects of incomes policies. How far it is necessary to make an inventory of all these possible influences depends on the circumstances but many of them need to be considered. It is arguable that managers and workers should consider more of the biological background than they do at present. < The target of the research is configuration of“shiftwork”through working time; work organization or mathematical modelling approach to minimize the above mentioned effects. Research into shiftwork, however, suggests that parameters related to objective physiological, psychological, and social criteria can be included in the design of shift systems, but non of them meet mathematical and other constraints. These characteristics include the number of consecutive night shifts, start and finish times of shifts, duration of shifts, distribution of leisure time, duration of the shift cycle, and the regularity of the shift system. They are discussed with respect to research evidence concerning the following criteria: physiological adaptation; performance and accidents; wellbeing; health; personal and social problems. As in most areas of working life change is rapidly taking place in the arrengement of shift hours. The adaptations which are discussed have taken place in responce to many other changes; such as examples mentioned below: the reduction of hours of work, in types of work, in social conditions. It must be expected that people will continue to experiment until they find rotas which are tolerable and which are sometimes preferred to day work. Two requirements seem to be a certain willingness to take risks and to keep the changes flexible so that there is room for choice. XIThe questionnaire study examines the effect of shiftworking on the leisure opportunities, the general health, and on chosen sleeping problems of 147 employees in manufacturing. Results of this field survey in Turkey emphasizes once more the importance of an ergonomic configuration of“shiftwork”. According to the results; the shiftworker bears some hard shift conditions because of the risk of unumployment and other economic problems. However; it is true that lack of adaptation to shift conditions, increases the problem of“shiftwork”. So we have to ask:“How can the shift conditions be organized from a more humanistic point of view?M”Which conditions result in the maximum adaptation of the worker to shiftwork?“ One of the continous difficulties associated with shiftwork is maintaining effective communications. There is a tendency for shiftworkers to become isolated from the main stream of factory life. The crews on shiftwork may develop into very close ”in-groups" even to the extent of resenting the outsider so that friction may develop between the shift crews themselves. The problem seems to have three aspects. First, to ensure that the shifts are adequately supervised and managed. Second, to see that there is good liaison between shifts. Third, to see that the shiftworkers are provided adequately with the services which are part of normal life in the factory during the day. Communication is important in all three areas. There are large gaps in our knowledge about shiftwork and practical applications, where a small investment in research and development would yield an immediate return. Three such areas are: - the monitoring of changes in current practice - the preparation of guidelines on the hygiene of shiftwork - the examination of individual differences of shiftwork It will be observed that the study of shiftwork, with its multiplicity of different aspects, calls for a multidisciplinary approach: it is the concern not only of ergonomists, economists and production engineers but also of sociologists and industrial medical officiers. In addition, since this method of organisation also has implications both for the total number of hours worked and for the proportion of night and Sunday work, legislation is necessary in order to ensure the protection and safety of the workers, particularly women and young people. xnNo doubt that there can not be only one perfect shift-system that will fit all conditions and all work types. However under present circumstances and policies of every company an optimal shift-system can be figured out. The aim of this study will achieved if it serves to encourage new research to fill the gaps that have been pointed out, and if it succeds in convincing all persons with responsibilities in this field-particularly employers, trade unionists, industrial medical officers and social workers- that by trying together to discover the best ways of organising shiftwork they will be dealing with some of the fundemental current and future problems of industrial society, particularly that of reconciling individual preferences and collective choices, social advantage and financial interest. xm
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