Changes in settlement patterns, populations and society in North Central Anatolia: A case study of the district (Kaza) of Tokat (1574-1643)
Başlık çevirisi mevcut değil.
- Tez No: 400543
- Danışmanlar: DR. COLIN IMBER
- Tez Türü: Doktora
- Konular: Halk Bilimi (Folklor), Siyasal Bilimler, Sosyoloji, Folklore, Political Science, Sociology
- Anahtar Kelimeler: Belirtilmemiş.
- Yıl: 1999
- Dil: İngilizce
- Üniversite: The University of Manchester
- Enstitü: Yurtdışı Enstitü
- Ana Bilim Dalı: Orta Doğu ve Göç Araştırmaları Ana Bilim Dalı
- Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
- Sayfa Sayısı: 350
Özet
Özet yok.
Özet (Çeviri)
This study is intended to contribute to our understanding of the complex developments of late sixteenth and early seventeenth-century Ottoman social history through a case study of the North-Central Anatolian district (kaza) of Tokat between 1574 and 1643. The main subject of the study concerns the changes in the urban and rural structures of Anatolia in general and the region of Tokat in particular during a period of turbulence, generally known as the period of the Celali rebellions. The research is mainly based on the quantitative data contained in the existing tax registers of different types (tahrir, avanz, cizye, and mukata'a defters) from the sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries. The study examines the situation in three related aspects, namely settlement patterns, population and society. Through a comparative analysis of the tahrir registers, it outlines first of all the developments in these three fields in the region between 1455 and 1574, and then underlines the changes in the same fields in the next period 1574-1643 through the comparative analysis of the 1574 tahrir register and a series of avanz, cizye and mukata'a defters from the early seventeenth century. The analysis of tahrir data shows firstly that between 1455 and 1520 the population of the city of Tokat dropped considerably (38.76 %) with a slight increase in the number of its quarters (54 to 58 mahalles), while the rural areas of the kaza experienced a considerable increase of population (39.01 %) with a slight decrease in the number of populated settlements (248 to 241 villages). Secondly, the next period (1520-1574) saw a great increase both in urban and rural population of the kaza (almost two fold). The growth in population was accompanied by a considerable increase in both the number and sizes of urban and rural settlements at the same time. Finally, urban society consisted mostly of townspeople engaged in crafts, commercial and industrial activities, while rural society was composed overwhelmingly of peasants. The other major components of rural society, namely malikane-holders (local notables) and timariots, together exercised the rights of taxation over the peasantry. During the period 1574-1643, this picture seems to have undergone major changes. The city of Tokat experienced a slight decrease (10.19 %) in its population between 1574 and 1601 with a slight increase in the number of its quarters, but in the later period it recovered and achieved a rise of 18.24 %, while in the rural areas of the kaza, both the number of inhabited villages and their tax-paying populations dropped drastically (by 17.30 % and 67.98 % respectively). At the same time, the most important development observed in the composition of urban and rural societies was the appearance of the kapikulus (mainly janissaries and cavalrymen) who settled and engaged in agriculture on their lands in the region. The situation of the revenue-holding notables and timariots of the region seems to have deteriorated seriously in this period. These significant changes in the urban and rural structures of the kaza of Tokat were primarily the result of an unprecedented number of man-made catastrophes during the Celali period and of the fairly frequent occurrence of natural disasters. They indicate firstly the extent of the ruin of the countryside, and secondly, the extent of the erosion of the tax base of the Ottoman government in the region during this turbulent period. In the city of Tokat, the devastation was less severe during the great Celali rebellions (1596-1609), but in the later period the city recovered and became as prosperous again as it had been before 1574.
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