Vegetation and climate of North Anatolian and North Aegean region since 7 Ma according to pollen analysis
Başlık çevirisi mevcut değil.
- Tez No: 400917
- Danışmanlar: PROF. DR. JEAN-PIERRE SUC, PROF. DR. NAMIK ÇAĞATAY
- Tez Türü: Doktora
- Konular: Biyoloji, Biology
- Anahtar Kelimeler: Belirtilmemiş.
- Yıl: 2012
- Dil: İngilizce
- Üniversite: Université Claude Bernard (Lyon I)
- Enstitü: Yurtdışı Enstitü
- Ana Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
- Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
- Sayfa Sayısı: 144
Özet
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Özet (Çeviri)
Anatolia is an area inhabited today by relict thermophilous plants: Liquidambar orientalis, Parrotia persica, Pterocarya fraxinifolia, Zelkova crenata (Angiosperms) and Cedrus (Gymnosperm). These trees constitute forests relatively close to Artemisia steppes, being the two types of vegetation in competition during the climatic cycles along the last 2.6 million years. Thus, this makes the greatest interest for palynological investigations in the region. This study concerns a long marine section (DSDP Site 380 from the southwestern deep Black Sea: Late Miocene to Present) and onshore exposed sections (marine and lacustrine sediments) from the Late Miocene and/or Early Pliocene. The study area corresponds to the surroundings of the Marmara Sea (Enez, İntepe, Eceabat, Burhanlı, West Seddülbahir), southwestern Black Sea (DSDP Site 380), and northern Greece (Ptolemais Notio, Ptolemais Base, Prosilio, Trilophos and Lion of Amphipoli). The main target of this study is to reconstruct vegetation and climate during this time-interval in the region. The high-resolution pollen analysis of the 1,073.50 m long Black Sea Site 380 (to which I directly contributed for the interval 702.40 ? 319.03 m) documents in great detail the evolution of vegetation and climate from the Late Miocene up to Present. Two vegetation types were alternately dominant for the last 7 million years: thermophilous forests and open vegetations including Artemisia steppes. At the early Messinian (before the Messinian Salinity Crisis), herbs prevailed in the Dardanelles area while mid- (Tsuga) and high-altitude (Abies and Picea) conifers were abundant with Cupressaceae close to the Olympe Mount (Prosilio). After the Messinian Salinity Crisis, North Aegean vegetation was mainly characterized by open plant ecosystems nearby forest assemblages with mesothermic trees (deciduous Quercus, Carya, Zelkova, etc.). In addition, strengthening of altitudinal conifers (Cedrus, Tsuga, Abies and Picea) may signify some uplift of the regional massifs. During the Late Miocene, most of the megathermic (tropical) and mega-mesothermic (subtropical) plants declined because of the climatic deterioration. However, some of them survived during the Late Pliocene, such as those which constituted coastal swamp forests (Glyptostrobus, Engelhardia, Sapotaceae, Nyssa) or composed deciduous mixed forests with mesothermic trees. Simultaneously, herbaceous assemblages (with Amaranthaceae-Chenopodiaceae, Poaceae, Asteraceae Asteroideae, Asteraceae Cichorioideae, etc.) became a prevalent vegetation component despite steppe elements (Artemisia, Ephedra, Hippophae rhamnoides) did not significantly develop. This suggests cooler and chiefly drier conditions during the Late Pliocene. At the Early Pleistocene (2.6 Ma), as a response to the onset of Arctic glaciations, megamesothermic elements rarefied despite some taxa persisted (Taxodiaceae: probably Glyptostrobus, Engelhardia, Sapotaceae, and Nyssa). In parallel, deciduous mixed forest assemblages composed of mesothermic trees (deciduous Quercus, Betula, Alnus, Liquidambar, Fagus, Carpinus orientalis, Carpinus betulus, Tilia, Acer, Ulmus, Zelkova, Carya, Pterocarya, etc.) almost disappeared too while steppe environments strongly enlarged. Then, Artemisia steppic phases developed during longer temporal intervals than mesophilous tree phases all along the glacial-interglacial cycles (first with a period of 41 kyrs, then 100 kyrs). This suggests shorter interglacials (warm and humid climate) than glacials (cool to cold and dry climate). From the beginning of the Ioanian Stage (1.8 Ma), herbaceous ecosystems (with Amaranthaceae-Chenopodiaceae, Poaceae, Asteraceae Asteroideae, Asteraceae Cichorioideae, etc.) and Artemisia steppes still continuously enlarged up today. Such an expansion of Artemisia steppes in the Ponto-Euxinian region was observed at the earliest Pliocene (DSDP Site 380) but their earliest settlement in Anatolia seems to have occurred in the Early Miocene (Aquitanian). The development of the Artemisia steppes in Anatolia might result from the uplift of the Tibetan Plateau. At last, relictuous plants such as Carya, Carpinus orientalis, Pterocarya, Liquidambar orientalis, Zelkova persisted up today for most of them. This story can be explained by some influence of the Asian monsoon which reinforced as a result from the uplifted Tibetan Plateau
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