N-nitrosodimethylamine in drinking water: Temporalformation potential patterns in source waters andtreatability of precursors
Başlık çevirisi mevcut değil.
- Tez No: 403036
- Danışmanlar: DR. TANJU KARANFİL
- Tez Türü: Doktora
- Konular: Çevre Mühendisliği, Environmental Engineering
- Anahtar Kelimeler: Belirtilmemiş.
- Yıl: 2016
- Dil: İngilizce
- Üniversite: Clemson University
- Enstitü: Yurtdışı Enstitü
- Ana Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
- Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
- Sayfa Sayısı: 241
Özet
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Özet (Çeviri)
The seasonal (summer, fall, winter and spring) and local weather related patterns of N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) formation potentials (FPs) were examined with water samples collected monthly for a two year period in 12 surface waters. This long term study allowed monitoring the patterns of NDMA FPs under dynamic weather conditions (e.g., high/low rainfall periods) covering several seasons. Anthropogenically impacted source waters (SWs) which were determined by relatively high sucralose levels (>100 ng/L) had higher NDMA FPs than limited impacted SWs (4 mg/L) increased significantly the NDMA FP removal and PAC doses showed a good correlation (R2=0.71) with the NDMA FP removal. The contribution of polymers to NDMA FP depended on the polymer type used and concentration. The simultaneous application of Cl2 and ClO2 for pre-oxidation and post-oxidation were beneficial for the removal of additional NDMA FPs. The average NDMA FP removals for reverse osmosis (RO) and microfiltration (MF) units were 81% and 7%, respectively. The effect of ClO2 oxidation on the control of NDMA precursors was investigated for different background waters (e.g., low/non-impacted vs. wastewater [WW]-impacted) under various oxidation conditions (e.g., pH, oxidant dose, and Ct). The removal of NDMA FP from all water types (low/non- or WW-impacted) was ≤25% at pH 6.0 with ClO2 oxidation. However, under the similar oxidation conditions, NDMA FP removals increased up to ~80% with increasing influence (i.e., 10%, 25% and 50%) of WW effluents at pH 7.8. This indicates that the majority of WW-derived NDMA precursors can be deactivated with ClO2 oxidation at higher pH (≥7.8). This was due to the better oxidative reaction of ClO2 with amines that have lone pair electrons to be shared at higher oxidation pH conditions. Similarly, NDMA formation levels under uniform formation condition (UFC) also significantly decreased in WW-impacted waters with ClO2 oxidation at pH 7.8. Furthermore, natural attenuation simulation experiments were conducted in this study, and the results showed that ClO2 oxidation can be more effective to deactivate NDMA precursors from relatively“freshly”impacted waters. Finally, the effects of different oxidation scenarios (individual [ClO2 or Cl2 only] and integrated [simultaneous or sequential application of ClO2 and Cl2]) on the removal of NDMA FP from different waters (e.g., non-impacted vs. either 20% wastewater- or polymer-impacted waters) were investigated. The removal efficiency of NDMA FP in non-impacted waters for all the oxidation scenarios was ≤25%. In 20% WW-impacted waters, NDMA FP removals improved about 50% by only ClO2 oxidation at pH 7.8 (~75%) compared to pH 6.0 (≤25%). However, the increase was limited for only Cl2 oxidation case under same oxidation conditions. For integrated oxidations, NDMA FP removals increased (20-45%), especially, at pH 6.0 compared to individual application of oxidants (Cl2 or ClO2). This indicates that ClO2 and Cl2 can react with different amine precursors at lower pH (i.e., 6.0). However, increasing oxidation pH from 6.0 to 7.8 transformed amine precursors to more reactive forms for both oxidants. Furthermore, integrated use of Cl2 and ClO2 also increased (10-40%) the removal of polymer-derived (poly epichlorohydrin dimethylamine [polyamine], poly diallyldimethylammonium chloride [polyDADMAC] and polyacrylamide [Sedifloc 400C]) NDMA precursors independent of oxidation time (10 vs. 60 min) and pH (6.0 vs. 7.8).
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