15. yüzyıl Osmanlı mezar taşları (İznik-Bursa-Edirne-İstanbul) 3.cilt
Başlık çevirisi mevcut değil.
- Tez No: 41992
- Danışmanlar: PROF. DR. NURHAN ATASAY
- Tez Türü: Yüksek Lisans
- Konular: Arkeoloji, Sanat Tarihi, Archeology, Art History
- Anahtar Kelimeler: Belirtilmemiş.
- Yıl: 1995
- Dil: Türkçe
- Üniversite: İstanbul Üniversitesi
- Enstitü: Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü
- Ana Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
- Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
- Sayfa Sayısı: 249
Özet
Özet yok.
Özet (Çeviri)
This study concerns 15th century Ottoman gravestones from Iznik and the three capital cities (Istanbul, Bursa and Edirne), areas where the Ottomans made new experiments in architecture and where a new style in architecture and in gravestones was born and developed. The goal of this work is to investigate the form and the decoration of the hitherto unstudied 15th century gravestones of these important centers, and to present a comparative study of their place within the Turkish decorative art of the period. Fifteenth century Ottoman gravestones can be classified, in general, as those with head, foot or horizontal coffin-like (sarcophagus) stones in the Bursa style, and those whose head or foot stones are in a style different from that of Bursa. The same aesthetic concerns that led to a conscious search for simplified and unencumbered space in the mosques and other buildings of early Bursa-period Ottoman architecture, and similarly to simplicity in the decorative arts, are to be found in the gravestones of the period, and led to the development of a“Bursa-style”in gravestones that was different from the style of gravestones of the Seljuk and Beylik periods. The gravestones are of marble. Their stele are considerably higher than those of the Seljuk and Beylik period. The long, thin, prismatic shape of their coffin stones can be traced back to the Seljuks. Some of these have stele. Head stones are usually higher than base stones. The stele are in the shape of flat, rectangular prisms with a pointed peak, or crowned with a segmented arch in a stylized palm shape that becomes a standard form. Their surface is either plain and unornamented, or contains niches with muqarnas or other forms inspired by the mihrabs of mosques. By the side of those stele crowned with a palm-shaped arch are to be found tall, thin mini-columns, some of which are plain, others with a braided molding and delicate crowns and bases. The Zeynî gravestones associated with the Zeynî order are in a different style form the Bursa gravestones. In the dated and undated examples of these stones that are to be found in Iznik and in the three capital cities, we find stele that are upright, cylindrical in form with a square cross-section and crowned with headgear.Decorative elements are used where and to the degree that plastic considerations demand. In general, 15th century Ottoman gravestones reflect the traditions of the decorative stone work of Bursa architecture of the period, with abstract floral compositions and an emphasis on the inscription and raised relief. One can also find other decorative materials, used in other art forms of the period, such as tiles, filigree work, etc., in the decoration of the coffin stones, in the crowns of the stele, in the niches and in general on all surfaces. Reflecting the characteristics of early Ottoman decorative arts, the composition of the ornamentation of 15th century Ottoman gravestones developed according to the shape of the surface to be decorated. Designs were always symmetric, and integrated with the surface in such a way as not to tire the eye. As in architecture, Hatayi and other floral motif decorations were used infrequently in 15th century gravestones. Just as in the stone decoration of the architecture of the period, decorative compositions based on the rumi, the palm and the lotus motif form the major components of gravestone decoration. Again, as in architecture, with time the decorative compositions began to take a standard form which was repeated over and over again. In the second half of the 15th century this standardized form began to move in the direction of the“naturalist”style which was to find its full development in the Ottoman gravestones of the 16th century. Inscriptions were written in the“celi sülüs”with letter deeply carved so that they could easily be read in relief. The richest examples of the gravestones of Iznik and the three capital cities are those in the Bursa style with their rich variety of forms. Among these, the stele of Bursa stand out by comparison with Iznik and Edirne examples for the richness of the decorative composition of their crowns, although like their Iznik counterparts they also have a heavy emphasis on the inscriptive element. The Istanbul stele show themselves to be directly inspired by Edirne examples in terms of the decorative composition of the crown, the niche and other surfaces, but they do not equal them in terms of style or workmanship.
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