Atıksu arıtma tesisleri maliyet indeksi ve debi-maliyet ilişkileri
Wastewater treatment plant cost indexes and cost capacity relationship
- Tez No: 46108
- Danışmanlar: PROF.DR. VEYSEL EROĞLU
- Tez Türü: Doktora
- Konular: Çevre Mühendisliği, Environmental Engineering
- Anahtar Kelimeler: Belirtilmemiş.
- Yıl: 1995
- Dil: Türkçe
- Üniversite: İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi
- Enstitü: Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü
- Ana Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
- Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
- Sayfa Sayısı: 122
Özet
ÖZET ATIKSU ARITMA TESİSLERİ MALİYET İNDEKSİ VE DEBİ-MALİYET İLİŞKİLERİ Türkiye'de atıksu arıtma tesislerindeki fiyat artışlarını gösteren bir maliyet indeksi bulunmamaktadır. Bugüne kadar atıksu arıtma tesislerini boyutlandıran, maliyetlerini hesaplayan ve birbiriyle mukayese eden bilgisayar programı geliştirilmemiştir. Ayrıca uzun yıllar istifade edilebilecek debi-maliyet bağıntılarına da ihtiyaç bulunmaktadır. Türkiye'de tamamlanan atıksu arıtma tesisleri kesin hesaplarının etüt edilmesiyle maliyet analizleri yapılmıştır. Maliyet bileşenlerinin ağırlıklı artış yüzdeleri belirlenmiş ve indeksin geliştirilme esasları teşkil edilmiştir. Buna göre, stabilizasyon havuzları ve uzun havalandırmalı aktif çamur sistemleri için geliştirilen inşaat maliyetleri indeksleri ve bileşenleri ayrı ayrı değerlendirilmiştir. Atıksu artıma proseslerini Türkiye şartlarında da boyutlandırılacak, maliyetlerini hesaplayacak, maliyetlerini hesaplayacak ve birbiriyle mukayese edecek Mukayeseli Tasfiye Programının algoritması verilmiş, programın özellikleri tanıtılmıştır. Türkiye şartlarında nazara alınan 15 çeşit artıma sistemi için debi-toplam proje maliyeti, debi-toplam işletme bakım maliyeti, debi-birim hacimdeki atıksuyun arıtılma maliyeti ve debi-arazi ihtiyacı münasebetleri MT programı ile hesaplanarak grafikler tanzim edilmiş ve her sistem için bu münasebetlerin C=a.Qb tipindeki parametrik denklemleri elde edilmiştir. XIV
Özet (Çeviri)
ABSTRACT WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT COST INDEXES AND COST CAPACITY RELATIONSHIPS The objectives of this study are of three fold. The first is to develop construction cost indexes for Turkey given the two most widely used systems, stabilization ponds and extended airation activated sludge systems needed as part of building domestic wastewater treatment plants. The second, is to build an interactive computer program for use in designing conventional domestic wastewater treatment plants and in estimating as well as in comparing associated costs of these various systems to facilitate decision making with regard to the best available alternative. The third, by taking specific conditions of Turkey into account and utilizing data from the considered 14 treatment systems, is to conveniently construct such graphs as flow rate-total project cost, flow rate-total operation&maintenance cost, flow rate-unit cost of treated wastewater, and flow rate - land requirement relationships. In addition, a parametric equation of C=aQb type is obtained for each one of the aforementioned relationships. The first part of this dissertation starts with a discussion of the objectives and scope of the present study and the accompanying literature review on its subject matter. As a cursory look indicates that there are no notable studies on construction cost indexes developed for wastewater treatment plants in Turkey, it further reflect the fact that flow rate - cost related studies are inadequate and far from reflecting realities. Thus, this part in effect defines the problem and lays out the rationale in adopting the current methodological approach to accomplish desired ends subject to existing constraints. In part II, using final cost data for completed wastewater treatment plants in Turkey, two cost indexes for stabilization ponds and extended aeration activated sludge systems are developed, by first laying down the principles of constructing such indexes. The status of the already existing plants clearly indicates that data on stabilization ponds and extended airation activated sludge systems are adequate and in turn make it possible to use a 10.000 m3/day flow as design capacity rate. The equation which represents the cost increase percentage for wastewater treatment systems is as follows; xvkın+ k2r2+ +knrn r " ki+ k2+ +kn ^- |; where; P is cost increase percentage, ki, k2,, kn are the effective percentage of 1., 2., n. items in total cost r-i, r2, rn are the cost increase percentage of 1., 2., n. items. Effective percentages (k constants) are obtained from the equation below via the analysis of the final cost incurred just before the operational stage of systems for which an index is developed. kl=-^i- x100 (2.2) S Mi i=1 where; Mi is final cost of i. item. Price increase percentages can be obtained by using the following equation. Results reflect the price increases of the sub-items in proportion to their share in the given item. r= I i=1 ' ¥li&i_V_El_>\ 100 (2.3) n IF V i=1 J where; r is price increase percentage yi is unit price of sub-item yr1 is unit price of sub-item a year before F, is Total price of i. sub-item (F= quantity x unit price). Acceleration rate corresponding to the yearly price changes for the studied treatment system can be obtained from the equation below; Gk=1+^- (2.4) XVIAnd wastewater treatment plant cost index (I) is calculated by using the following formula; I. = lM(Gk)i (2-5) The major cost items of a construction cost index can generally be categorized as follows: * Construction works, * Transportation, * Electrical works, * Piping, * Equipment * Miscellaneous items. Each construction works item is classified under a separate class except those which are less than %0.5 of their own overall total. Construction works items are further grouped together to become a total of 19 items. For each item unit price increase percentages are multiplied by the related price increase percentages in its main class to obtain weighted average price increases percentages. The sum of all weighted construction works price increase as percentages then gives the weighted price increase percentage for that specific year. It also needs to be pointed out that the price increase in the transportation cost item is approximated by parallel price increases in motorin for that specific year. Electrical works items under six major categories are classified as panel, cable, contactor, switchgear, fuse and transformer, and are treated, as in the case of construction works items to obtain weighted price increase percentages on yearly basis. Similar treatments are made for the piping and valves main class and yearly weighted price increase percentage are obtained. The equipment main class includes pumps, metal components, and assembly subcategories. Miscellaneous items price changes are obtained from the sources of the İstanbul Commerce of Chambers, as published in their construction material cost index, and the figures are also related to the exchange rate increases in the US dollar and the German Mark. The shares of the construction works item in the overall make up of stabilization ponds and extended aeration activated sludge systems are found to be approximately 54% and 38% respectively. Similarly, the shares of the equipment item in the same structures are around 10% and 35%. The 1989 wastewater treatment index is taken as a base year, 100%, and from there to 1994 construction cost indexes are accordingly calculated. It is established that the yearly price changes in both the main items and the treatment plant construction cost indexes display a character of geometric series. In the time bracket studied it becomes clear that the related price increases in stabilization XVIIponds exceed those of extended aeration activated sludge systems. While between 1989-1993 the transportation cost item increases are higher than all others, in 1994 the construction works item shows a dramatic increase to top the list. The lesser price increases on the other hand are seen in the piping and equipment items lagging behind the others. Part III deals with an exposition of MT, an interactive computer program, which operates under WINDOWS and is developed to be utilized in simplifying the techniques used to sort out cost data as well as calculating indexes for use after 1994. MT essentially uses the USA based CAPDET program as a subroutine and its algorithm is provided in the same section. The program, MT, meets the necessary criteria to design all kinds of wastewater treatment plants for domestic wastewater; calculates associated costs for various alternatives; lists them on a comparative basis in the order of economic feasibility; and determines the level of the quality of the effluent at different rates in an efficient way. Upon specifying differing rates of influent and desired levels of effluent, MT provides all the necessary information data set needed by planners for planning such systems. The cost of all items are routinely worked out by first calculating the required number of items and then multiplying them by their unit costs to obtain their total amount. However, in the case of the filtering device, pumping station, and a few items, associated costs are obtained through parametric equations. Hence one of the advantages of this program is its ability to utilize country-specific data such as unit prices. More specifically, it calculates for each system the present value amounts of construction cost, deprecation, operation&maintenance related labor and other costs, energy costs, repair and replacement costs, chemical costs, the cost of treating 1 m3 of wastewater, monthly user charge, and adjusted rates of user charge in case of upgrading costs. Part IV displays the principles of cost estimation; depicts the graphs of flow rate- cost relations and compares and interprets the results obtained on the basis of an analysis of the 14 wastewater treatment plants, chosen for this study, which also meet the basic criteria regulating domestic wastewater at least for water pollution and quality. However, It needs to be pointed out that this cost estimation study does not cover sludge treatment. All cost estimates are made on the basis of unit cost figures of Ministry of Public Works and Settlement, Bank of Provinces and General Directorate of Hydraulic Works. Furthermore, the fact of high inflation in Turkey forces any meaningful attempts of economic or financial analysis to be carried out in terms of the US dollar (effective November 1994) and as a result this study follows suit. In addition, for each system the graphs showing the relationships between flow rate-total construction cost; flow rate-total operation&maintenance costs; flow rate- cost of treating 1 m3 of wastewater; and also flow rate-Land requirement are drawn. Since curves correspond to lines when depicted on a double logarithmic axis, each XVIIIflow rate-cost relation is expressed in the form of a C=a.Qb type parametric equation. The final results indicate that from the standpoint of the total project cost the most economical system up to a rate of 65.000 m3/day appears to be rapid infiltration land treatment systems; at higher rates, however, complete mix activated sludge systems are more cost effective than the others. In contrast, the most costly system comes across as rotating biological contactor systems. As for the category of the total operation&maintenance costs, which involve operation&maintenance labor, energy, material and chemical costs, the least costly system up to a rate of 100.000 m3/day are rapid infiltration land systems; at higher rates stabilization pond systems gain acceptance over the others. Again, in contrast, the most costly one is determined to be extended aeration activated sludge systems. The largest cost item in extended airated activated sludge systems is energy which lies around 60-80% of the total operation&maintenance costs. The graphs of flow rate-cost of 1 m3 of treated wastewater indicate that as plant size increases the unit cost of treated wastewater per unit volume decreases and after a certain value it stays nearly constant. In terms of the cost of treating 1 m3 of wastewater the most economical system after land treatment systems is the trickling filtration systems; and the most costly one remains to be extended aeration activated sludge systems. As a consequence, If there exists sufficient amount of land, the choice should be land treatment systems; if not, then the second best alternative should be trickling filtration systems. Finally, as for the evaluation of the alternatives in terms of land requirement, activated sludge modifications and biofilm systems are found to occupy roughly the same area. These systems require the least amount of land followed by rapid infiltration land treatment, stabilization ponds, overland flow treatment systems and lastly slow infiltration land treatment systems. XIX
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