ITE doğal gaz boru hattı projesi Erzurum ili bölgesinde deprem hasar analizi çalışması
Analaysing eartquake damage on ITE natural gas pipeline project in Erzurum district
- Tez No: 496440
- Danışmanlar: DOÇ. DR. HİMMET KARAMAN
- Tez Türü: Yüksek Lisans
- Konular: Jeodezi ve Fotogrametri, Geodesy and Photogrammetry
- Anahtar Kelimeler: Belirtilmemiş.
- Yıl: 2018
- Dil: Türkçe
- Üniversite: İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi
- Enstitü: Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü
- Ana Bilim Dalı: Geomatik Mühendisliği Ana Bilim Dalı
- Bilim Dalı: Geomatik Mühendisliği Bilim Dalı
- Sayfa Sayısı: 105
Özet
Dünya genelinde son yıllarda yaşanan şiddetli depremler sonucunda, maddi ve manevi olarak büyük kayıplar yaşanmıştır. Ülkemizin yüz ölçümünün yaklaşık yarısı kadar olan alanı birince derece deprem kuşağında olduğu için sonuçları çok ağır olan depremler meydana gelmiştir. Depremlerin yıkıcı etkileri sadece yer üstündeki yapılara değil, aynı zamanda yer altındaki yapılara da zarar vermektedir. Afet sonucunda, günlerce susuz veya elektriksiz kalmak afetin diğer olumsuz sonuçlarıyla birlikte değerlendirildiğinde deprem sonrasında iyileşme süreci zorlaştırır. Yollar, köprüler, binalar toplum için ne kadar önemliyse, yer altında gömülü olan boru hatları veya enerji nakil hatları gibi yapılar da insan yaşamında bir o kadar önemlidir. Deprem tehlikesi açısından ikinci bölgede yer alan Erzurum ilinde aktif fay hatları bulunmaktadır. Aktif fay hatlarından meydana gelebilecek depremlerin o bölgede boru hatları üzerinde yaratacağı hasarlar ve kayıp analizleri önceden tahmin edilirse, depremin olumsuz sonuçları en aza indirgenebilir. Entegre afet yönetiminin aşamaları ile hazırlıklı olma, zarar azaltma, müdahale ve iyileştirme çalışmaları uygulamaya konulduğunda hem maddi hem de manevi olarak gelişme sağlanacaktır. Hasar analizleri için dünya genelinde çok sayıda çalışmalar yapılmış ve çeşitli yazılımlar geliştirilmiştir. Türkiye için geliştirilen HAZTURK yazılımı, deprem senaryoları ile deprem hasar tahmini analizi yapmaktadır. Yazılımın veri standartlarına göre çoğunlukta dataların Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemleri ile entegreli olduğu görülmektedir. Çalışma bölgesine uygun azalım ilişkisinin belirlenmesi, zemin (Vs) kayma dalga hızlarından oluşturulan tehlike haritaları ve bölgedeki sismik aktivitelerin belirlenmesi ile kayıp analizleri yapılmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, HAZTURK yazılımı kullanılarak Erzurum bölgesinden geçirilmesi planlanan ITE doğal gaz boru hattının belirli kilometreleri için deprem hasar haritaları üretilmiş ve ArcGIS yazılımıyla tamir sayıları hesaplanmıştır. Analiz için gerekli olan sondaj verileri, yükseklik bilgileri, jeolojik kapsamda bilgiler, belirli kilometreler aralığında boru hattı gibi veriler Turang Transit Taşımacılık A.Ş. tarafından sağlanmıştır. Deprem ve fay hatları verileri de çeşitli kaynaklardan elde edilmiştir. Çalışma bölgesi için elde edilen veriler, HAZTURK yazılımının veri standartlarına uygun hale getirildikten sonra deprem hasar analizi yapılmıştır. ITE hattının Kandilli ve Erzurum fay hatlarını kestiği, Pasinler ve Karayazı fay hattına yakın geçtiği kilometreler tamir sayıları hesaplanmıştır. Çalışmanın sonunda 7,8 şiddetindeki deprem senaryosuna göre bulunan tamir sayıları Kandilli ve Erzurum fay hattı için eşit bulunmuş, Pasinler ve Karayazı fay hattının bulunduğu bölgede ise diğerlerinde daha düşük elde edilmiştir. Yani, ITE doğal gaz boru hattını kesen fay hatları, yakınından geçen fay hatlarına göre daha fazla zarar vereceği sonucu elde edilmiştir.
Özet (Çeviri)
Lifelines (water, transportation, telecommunication, gas, power, transportation networks) have played significant role in human life by providing main requirements of people. They are engineering products which provide to transfer or delivering liquid, energy and gas to residential area by pipelines. Each product is very important factors for proper life. If one of them does not work properly because of any reason, life will be very difficult for people. When water supplies do not work because of some reasons, people suffer from being without water for many days. Apart from water, natural gas pipelines are another important buried line in terms of providing energy to the world. Also, if some damages happened on natural gas pipelines, consequences can be very heavy for environment such as explosion. Apart of environmental disaster, economically problems can occur among repair duration and cost of the gas which goes away by leaking from the pipeline. Comparison between energy lines (natural gas, petroleum, etc.) and other pipelines is obvious that energy lines more specific than the other lines. Because energy sources are in specific regions in the world. Transferring energy from countries where have many energy sources to the other countries where need energy has been raised by technologic improvements and economic growth of countries. One of the most useful technique to transfer of energy is buried pipeline. Buried pipelines are safe method to protect them against of above ground disaster. However, lifelines are in danger because of some damages underground like earthquake which is one of the most important hazard of natural disaster. The worse effects of earthquakes are not only on above ground structures but also damage on underground facilities. Infrastructures are as much important as roads, bridges and buildings for human beings. Earthquakes bring damage on pipeline by directly like break and leak or indirectly like landslide and liquefaction. Problems can be sorted by cutting off flow when pipeline was broken in some parts, high repair cost also considerable damage to the environment like fire. It can be seen many examples all over the world, pipelines were destroyed by earthquakes or many destructions caused by hazards. Besides, after the earthquakes recovery time gets more difficult when supplies have been cut off or there has been exposed to power outages. That's why recovery and improvement studies have been done for risky areas to construct long term usage pipelines. A lot of engineering areas work all together from creating the project to construction progress on working site to establish enduring pipelines. It should be planned and projected in detail to be resistance to hazards. Both geology and pipeline materials which extend as kilometres underground type of material, connection method of pipeline, diameter, length etc. are also important components to provide long term pipelines. All over the world, earthquakes have caused significant destructions on people and environment in the recent years. Since approximately half of the surface area of Turkey is on first degree seismic zone, great number of earthquakes have occurred which cause a lot of destructions. Earthquakes happens when any movement occur underground among the fault line. It causes to spread energy that makes seismic waves to the around. Ground shaking starts by the seismic waves released. There are active fault lines in Erzurum where is in second seismic zone in terms of hazard of earthquakes. If estimation of loss assessment and damages on pipelines due to active fault lines is investigated before the hazard, negative consequences of earthquakes can be remarkably minimized. As a result of that, it can be constructed structures which resist against to earthquakes and can be taken precautions before the hazard happened. When integrated hazard management steps such as being ready, damage reduction, intervention and recovering has been applied both, material and moral improvements will be provided. Even if hazards could not have prevented, worse effects of hazard can be minimized on pipelines. The estimation of loss assessment should be done to be ready for future expected earthquakes. Recently, it has been developed a lot of software and studies to analyse loss assessment caused by earthquakes all over the world. One of those is HAZTURK has been developed for Turkey from HAZUS (Hazard US) software was prepared by FEMA. to be able to predict amount of damages by earthquake scenarios. To apply the software for Turkey, all data must be defined in WGS84 coordinate system and in Transverse Mercator Projection System. Analysing the risk and calculation of lose assessment by using HAZTURK need to have input data. All data must be in HAZTURK data standards. For this study, pipeline and study area which have to be in shape file format. Attribute table of data is also essential for using the software to get more accurate result. Calculation of Digital Elevation Model of the study has been created surface points which have elevation information. However, data format of the DEM converted to slope map ASCII raster format because of standards of the software. Another main input data of study is (Vs) wave velocity of the ground to create soil map in GRIDCODE format. Moreover, detection proper attenuation relationship for study area is also one of the other key factors. To choose the best attenuation for study area should be regarded on mainly magnitude, distance to the source, depth and type of fault, geology, ground wave velocity and soil type. The aim of the thesis is to estimate the possible earthquakes which will be caused by Karayazı, Pasinler, Kandilli and Erzurum fault zone that lines that are in the eastern bloc of the North Anatolian in Erzurum province. It has been performed that prediction of loss assessment and amount of damage generated regarding seniors of earthquakes for ITE natural gas pipeline along the specific kilometres in Erzurum by using HAZTURK software. Erzurum is one of the city from Turkey where it is at risk because of expected earthquakes. That's why Erzurum is selected for study area in this thesis. Necessary data for loss analysis are boreholes, elevations, geological and geotechnical information as well as ITE pipeline data for specified kilometres which have been provided by Turang Transit Taşımacılık A.Ş. Besides, earthquake and fault lines have been taken from varies sources. All data have been prepared to make appropriate for HAZTURK software standards. Accuracy of estimation clearly depends on quality of the input data. The second part of the thesis has been explained worse effects of earthquake on buried pipeline. Type of damages on pipeline such as leak and broken, seismic waves effects, settlement of the pipeline, liquefaction possibility for soil after ground shaking pipeline deformations which are permanently and temporarily caused by movements indicated in that section. Moreover, Hazard maps, vulnerability, management of hazard and steps of the management, definition of GIS, type and standards of GIS and HAZTURK software features like used for analysing damage on buildings, infrastructures, bridges, lose assessment, GIS, social analyses and standards of the software are mentioned to introduce the study for the thesis. In the third part, literature search, examples from the world and Turkey about seismic risk analysis and lose estimation has been researched. The fourth part, generation and standardization of spatial data, definition and data standards of spatial data and data standards of HAZTRUK software has been explained in that stage. The fifth part of the thesis, it has been presented application for this study. It is explained that how to obtain all data which is used for analysing and the data standardisation for HAZTURK software. It is presented that generation of hazard maps by using HAZTURK software and loss assessment by using ArcGIS software for specific kilometres of Iran Turkey Europe natural gas pipeline which took part in districts Pasinler, Palandöken, Yakutiye and Aşkale in Erzurum province. This study has been done both for Kandilli and Erzurum fault lines which are crossing the pipeline for two parts also Pasinler and Karayazı fault line is very close to the pipeline. Both case has been evaluated according to scenarios of earthquake which is worst case magnitude value has chosen 7,8. It has been obtained as a result that repair rates are equal for Kandilli and Erzurum fault line region because both are crossing the pipeline. Pasinler and Karayazı fault line are not crossing the pipeline but it is lying very close to the line. Repair rate has been found lower than the previous two study areas. The sixth stage includes result of the study and some recommendations for improving techniques and methods for hazard analysing and reducing the damage of earthquake.
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