Türk-Amerikan ilişkilerinde Afyon sorunu
Opium problem in Turkish-American relations
- Tez No: 51537
- Danışmanlar: PROF.DR. ÖMER KÜRKÇÜOĞLU
- Tez Türü: Yüksek Lisans
- Konular: Uluslararası İlişkiler, International Relations
- Anahtar Kelimeler: Belirtilmemiş.
- Yıl: 1996
- Dil: Türkçe
- Üniversite: Ankara Üniversitesi
- Enstitü: Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü
- Ana Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
- Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
- Sayfa Sayısı: 177
Özet
Özet yok.
Özet (Çeviri)
VII- SUMMARY Opium is the raw material for main narcotics, especially for morphine, codeine and heroin. While the first two of these narcotics have been widely used for medical and scientific purposes, the third one, heroin, was and still is a substance causing addiction among the users. Since the rapid increase in the number of heroin addicts in the USA and in Europe in the beginning of the twentieth century, Western governments have ventured to establish international rules to arrange the production, trade and use of opium and its derivatives. The USA, as a country having thousands of narcotic abusers, has led to these initiatives and has paved the ground work for the assembling of Shanghai, The Haig and Geneva opium conferences. In these conferences, participating states have mainly agreed on the limitation of opium production to medical and scientific needs, and signed conventions regulating the new opium regime. Turkey, a leading poppy and opium producing country, has not been a party to any of these conventions on opium, claiming her economic loss until 1932. Turkey's stand caused rising tensions in her relations with the USA in the first decade of the Turkish Republic. 64After Turkey's accession to international arrangements and during the Second World War years, opium production was not a matter of conflict between Turkey and the USA. Following the War, especially in the sixties, narcotics abuse again became an actual problem for the American youth. According to the scientific researches, the number of narcotics users in the USA, in the latter half of the sixties, was exceeding 250.000, 98% of them were heroin addicts. President Nixon who promised to challenge against narcotics, attributed this malicious situation to the stand of opium producing countries, mainly of Turkey which had problems with the USA for opium issues in the twenties. In Turkey there have been some narcotics smuggling cases, but Turkish governments have taken effective measures to stop smuggling and have limited the cultivation area of opium to nine provinces. Despite the positive Turkish manner, the Nixon administration claimed that the 80 % of the heroin consumed in the USA was originating from Turkey, and wanted Turkey to prohibit all production. In fact, the Nixon administration knew that the real source for the heroin was a region in south-eastern Asia called the“Golden Triangle”. This area was composed of Burma, Laos and Thailand and was a base for illegal production and smuggling ol' heroin to Europe and to the USA. Nixon, willing to persuade the American people for his success in the struggle against narcotics, preferred to substitute Turkey for the“Golden Triangle”countries for two basic reasons: 165Firstly, in the“Golden Triangle”opium and heroin were produced by mountain tribes and guerrillas on which governmental pressure was ineffective. Dealing with the governments of the“Golden Triangle”countries was very difficult with almost no hope of success. However, Turkey, having a strong state infrastructure and government, was effective on all opium producers. Thus, persuading Turkish governments was meant terminating all production in Turkey. Secondly, Turkey was a NATO member and the Turkish army had been dependent upon foreign military aid, basically from the USA. The threat of cutting military and economic aids might convince the Turkish governments easily. Until 1971, the Turkish governments resisted to the American demands, and did not stop the opium production. However, the Nihat Erim government that came to power after the March 12, 1971 coup, inevitably prohibited poppy cultivation and opium production. The Erim government's attitude may, of course, be explained by its military and semi-democratic character. When the coalitionary government of the Republican People's Party and the National Salvation Party headed by Bülent Ecevit lifted the ban on opium production, the American public and administration strongly condemned that decision. The Congress forced the president to impose economic and military embargo upon Turkey. This negative stand had been strengthened by the Turkish intervention in Cyprus. In October 1974, President Ford decided on an embargo. 166During the period following the renewal of the opium production, the Turkish governments prohibited incising the poppy head in order to prevent obtaining opium, and began to collect all poppy produced. Thus illegal production and distribution of the opium poppy was, indeed, prevented. The Turkish Government started to obtain opium derivatives in a factory which was established later for that purpose. Turkey's measures and the new opium regime was greatly appreciated by the United Nations officials missioned to Turkey, and by the American administrations. Today, Turkey has no conflict with any country stemming from opium production. 67
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