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An analysis of whether the world trade organization discriminates against developing countries

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  1. Tez No: 519637
  2. Yazar: BUĞRA NOYAN ANAL
  3. Danışmanlar: Belirtilmemiş.
  4. Tez Türü: Yüksek Lisans
  5. Konular: Ekonomi, Uluslararası İlişkiler, Economics, International Relations
  6. Anahtar Kelimeler: Belirtilmemiş.
  7. Yıl: 2017
  8. Dil: İngilizce
  9. Üniversite: London Metropolitan University
  10. Enstitü: Yurtdışı Enstitü
  11. Ana Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
  12. Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
  13. Sayfa Sayısı: 51

Özet

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Özet (Çeviri)

Almost two thirds of all the 153 member states of the WTO are developing country. Trade forms an important part of the developmental efforts of developing countries. They accede to the WTO for the sake of the benefits of strengthening of domestic policies for efficient conduct of international trade, to improve access to foreign export markets and for the effective settlement of trade disputes. The WTO is differentiated from GATT in that special focus is given to facilitate these developmental needs of developing countries. The fundamental principle of all WTO law is that of 'Non-Discrimination' which is embodied in concepts such as 'Most Favoured Nation' status, National Principle and Special & Differentiated treatment accorded to developing and least developed nations. All of these principles reflect the concept of equality in fact and equality in law where the notion of equality is not the conventional 'sameness'. Rather true equality or fairness results when in fact different countries at different stages of economic development are treated differently. This dissertation examines whether developing countries are in fact treated equally as compared to their more developed counterparts and what are the consequences of unequal treatment if any. The principle of equality as treated in this dissertation is multifaceted and includes concepts of equality in fact and equality in law, procedural, distributive / substantive fairness, determinacy, reciprocity, impartiality, autonomy and coherence. All of these concepts were applied to accession, dispute settlement and trade laws pertaining to agriculture and tariffs to see if developing countries are in fact treated equally. It was found that accession processes for developing countries suffer from lack of procedural and substantive fairness. The lack of procedural fairness is reflected in the extraordinarily long time it takes for developing countries to accede as compared to original WTO members and the lack of substantive fairness is reflected in the fact that developing countries have to make far more concessions and commitments than did original WTO members or developed countries at the time of their accession. The WTO Dispute Settlement Mechanism (DSM) is fundamentally unfair as developing countries suffer from capacity constraints, lack of enforcement capability, subject to political, economic and legal blackmail from developed countries and from incomplete procedures. The trade agreements pertaining to tariffs and agriculture lack distributive justice with developed countries invariably setting high tariffs on trade in goods, services and agricultural whilst expecting developing countries to lower their tariff rates. It may therefore be concluded that the while WTO regulations reflect all the notions of equality in law, the application of these regulations in fact is unequal. The consequences of such unequal treatment have been discussed and recommendations made to ameliorate the situation in favour of developing countries.

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