Balat 2306 ada sivil mimarlık örnekleri
Balat 2306 plot, examples of civilian architecture
- Tez No: 541593
- Danışmanlar: PROF. DR. FATMA İLKNUR KOLAY
- Tez Türü: Yüksek Lisans
- Konular: Mimarlık, Architecture
- Anahtar Kelimeler: Belirtilmemiş.
- Yıl: 2018
- Dil: Türkçe
- Üniversite: İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi
- Enstitü: Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü
- Ana Bilim Dalı: Mimarlık Ana Bilim Dalı
- Bilim Dalı: Mimarlık Tarihi Bilim Dalı
- Sayfa Sayısı: 197
Özet
Bu tez çalışmasında Tarihi yarımada Balat semtinin Mürselpaşa Caddesi ile Hızır Çavuş Köprübaşı Sokak ve devamı Yıldırım Caddesi arasında kalan 2306 adada yer alan tescilli Sivil Mimarlık Örneği yapılar incelenmiştir. Ada yapılarının hemen tamamı tarihi Haliç surları üzerinde bulunmaktadır. Bölge de bulunan ahşap konut yapıları, 19. yüzyılın yıkıcı etkisi yüksek yangınlarından sonra kâgir olarak yeniden yapılmıştır. 2306 adada bulunan 102 adet parselde yer alan yapılardan, 5 adeti Anıt Eser, 58 adeti de Sivil Mimarlık Örneği yapıdır. Bu yapılar ile ilgili Fatih Belediyesi tarafından“Fener ve Balat Semtleri Rehabilitasyon Programı”dâhilinde çalışma yapıldığı öğrenilmiştir. Konu ile ilgili doküman ve yapılara ait rölöveler ilgili belediyeden temin edilememiştir. Bunun üzerine yapıların projelerini yapan firmadan istekte bulunulmuş fakat olumlu yanıt alınamamıştır. Ardından İstanbul 1 Numaralı Yenileme Alanı Kültür Varlıklarını Koruma Bölge Kurulu'ndan yazı ile tescilli yapılara ait bilgi, belge ve doküman istenmiştir. Yazı üzerine kurul 2306 ada ile ilgili elindeki belgeleri paylaşmıştır. Kurul arşivinde yapılan çalışmada; 63 adet korunması gerekli tescilli taşınmaz kültür varlığı olan yapıdan 10 tanesinin dosyasının olmadığı, 33 tanesinin dosyasında yapı rölövelerinin yer almadığı ve ancak geriye kalan 20 adet yapının dosyalarında rölövelerinin olduğu görülmüştür. Tamamı Sivil Mimarlık Örneği olan bu 20 adet yapının rölöve paftalarının fotoğrafları çekilmiş ve dijital ortamda bu projeler tekrar çizilmiştir. 2306 adada bulunan Sivil Mimarlık Örneği yapılardan 76 parselde bulunan yapı hariç; gerek yapıların hali hazırda kapalı olmaları, gerek tehlike arz edecek derecede metruk ve yıkılmış olmaları, gerek hali hazırda yerinde olmaması ve gerekse de yapı sakinlerinden izin alınamaması sebebi ile hiçbir yapının iç mahallerinde herhangi bir ölçüm, inceleme ve tespit yapılamamıştır. Tüm değerlendirmeler; İstanbul 1 Numaralı Yenileme Alanı Kültür Varlıklarını Koruma Bölge Kurulu dosyasından edinilen fotoğraf, bilgi ve veriler, bu veriler doğrultusunda çizimleri yapılan rölöveleri ve sahada dışarıdan yapılan gözlemler neticesinde ulaşılan sonuçlar doğrultusunda yapılmıştır. 20 yapı üzerinden yapılan değerlendirmeler neticesinde 6 yapının ikiz ev, 4 yapının sıraevler ve 10 adet yapının da tekil evler olduğu görülmüştür. Yapıların yarısından fazlasını teşkil eden 11 tanesinin plan şeması; kuzeyde bir oda, güneyde bir oda ve bu odaların arasında merdiveni de içeren bir sofa şeklindedir. Geleneksel Türk evi plan tipolojisi açısından da değerlendirilen yapıların 11 adetin orta sofalı plan tipi grubuna geriye kalan 9 adetinin de tek yüzlü iç sofalı plan tipi grubuna girdiği tespit edilmiştir. Balat 2306 adada çalışma konusu yapılan plan şeması ve cephe özellikleri açısından 19. yüzyıl sonu kâgir İstanbul evleri özellikleri gösterdiği görülmektedir.
Özet (Çeviri)
This thesis is a study of the registered structures which offer examples of Civilian Architecture on 2306 plots stretching between Mürselpaşa Avenue and Hızır Çavuş Köprübaşı Street and the Yıldırım Avenue that follows it in Balat neighbourhood on the historical peninsula. Nearly all of the plot structures are located on the historical city walls of the Golden Horn. The Balat neighbourhood, which stretches in the north-eastern part of the historical peninsula, lost its urban character as a neighbourhood of frame houses after highly destructive earthquakes and fires in the 19th century, and was rebuilt with masonry houses. The most important sign of this change are the settlements which were built in late 19th century, which still preserve their structural and architectural characteristics for the most part. In this framework, the borders of the study were identified to include the mass of buildings, which best represent this change, which include uninterrupted series of attached buildings in the neighbourhood, which best reflect the social and urban character of the neighbourhood and the identity of the houses of Balat and for which physical and technical data is still available. To study these characteristics, it was found to be appropriate to focus on a single plot of structures. A survey of the plots in the neighbourhood has resulted in selection of 2306 plots, due to the wide range of building stock, abundance of exemplary registered buildings which offer examples of civilian architecture, their location at the axis of trade and housing as they were built on the city walls of the Golden Horn, their condition with well-preserved functional character in the urban structure throughout centuries, and the good will of the Directorate of the Regional Council for Cultural Heritage Protection of Istanbul 1st Reconstruction Site to share all available documents and information. This thesis consists of five main chapters. The introduction lays out the purpose of and the methods used in the thesis. The second chapter of the thesis studies the location of Balat neighbourhood, which is the place of the study, as well as the origins of the name and history of the neighbourhood. The historical development of the neighbourhood was studied under two sections, namely pre-Ottoman era and the era from the Ottoman Empire until the foundation of the Republic. The section starts from the first settlements in Istanbul before the Ottoman era, following through the history of Balat in the Byzantine era. The section covering the historical development after the Ottoman conquest describes the impact of the housing and public works policy of the Ottomans on Balat starting from the second half of 15th century, the chronological change in the demographic structure of Balat, and the transformation of the social and commercial life in the neighbourhood, and the effects of the earthquakes and fires on the structural texture of the neighbourhood. Chapter three focuses on the subject of Traditional Turkish House. The main reference in this chapter is primarily the principles suggested by Sedad Hakkı Eldem. This section starts with a description of the definition and emerging of the concept of Traditional Turkish House, followed by building components including floors, rooms, gateways, stairs and sofas, and a description of the use of these components in the plans. The chapter ends with a description and demonstration of the plan types of the Turkish House, which consist of the plan type without a sofa, plan type with exterior sofa, plan type with interior sofa and plan type with centre sofa. The plans and facades of 20 house buildings which offer examples of Civilian Architecture were studied since they were located on these 2306 plots and the relevant data was available for these buildings. Chapter four of the study demonstrates that the buildings on 102 parcels in 2306 plots in Balat included 5 monumental works and 58 structures which are examples of Civilian Architecture. It was found out that Fatih Municipality has included these buildings in the ongoing“Rehabilitation Program for Fener and Balat Neighbourhoods.”Relevant documents and survey books of the buildings could not be obtained from the municipality. Therefore, a request was filed to the company implementing the project in these buildings; however, a positive reply was not received. Furthermore, a letter was written to the Directorate of the Regional Council for Cultural Heritage Protection of Istanbul 1st Reconstruction Site to request the information and documents of the registered buildings. In response to this letter, the Council disclosed available documents for 2306 plots. A review of the archives of the Council revealed that the files were not available for 10 out of 63 buildings which are registered as immovable cultural assets to be protected, and the survey books for 33 buildings were not available in the files, and the survey books for the remaining 20 buildings were available in the relevant files. The survey sheets of these 20 buildings, all of which are examples of Civilian Architecture, were photographed and the projects were redrawn in digital media. Any measurement, study or examination could not be performed in the interiors of the buildings which are examples of civilian architecture located in 2306 plots, excluding the building on plot 76, as they were out of use, or dangerously derelict and destructed, or were demolished or access was not given by the current residents of the buildings. All evaluations were based on the photographs, information and data obtained from the file at the Directorate of the Regional Council for Cultural Heritage Protection of Istanbul 1st Reconstruction Site, on the building surveys drawn according to such data, and on the results drawn from the observations on the site. The last chapter offers an evaluation of the building analyses. According to all data collected and observed, the houses on the plot were typologically classified in the context of Traditional Turkish House, and the results of assessment of plan drawings, facade structure and ornamental elements were indicated. The bay windows of the buildings are rectangular shaped, and mostly located on the frontal side of the buildings. Twin buildings have the bay windows on both sides facing the street, and the bay windows on one side is adjacent to the bay windows on the twin building. Half of the buildings have a normal floor plan consisting of a room in the south, another room in the north and a sofa between these rooms, which comprise the central sofa plan type. The other half have a normal floor plan consisting of a room and a sofa, which comprise the single-facade and interior sofa house type. Half of the studied houses on the plot consist of single houses, and some of the remaining houses (6 houses, 30%) are twin buildings. The remaining houses (4 houses, 20%) are row houses which were characteristic buildings of Istanbul in the 19th century, contemporary examples of which can be seen in Beşiktaş Akaretler, Elmadağ Surp Agop, Kumkapı Tavaşi Çeşmesi Street, Ortaköy Onsekiz Akaretler, Arnavutköy Bakkal Street, Kurtuluş, and Kadıköy Tellalzade Street. The facades of the studied buildings are painted with housepaint on plaster, and approximately half of the buildings have surface-mounted pointing lines on the external facades of basement and ground floors, which is a typical characteristic of the row houses of late 19th century. The profile belts at the flooring level of the buildings stretch along the whole exterior facade. Approximately half of the studied buildings have cantilever stoned mutules on the facade at the flooring level of the top floor. It has been understood that all gaps on the buildings were originally flatarched. It was observed that the buildings studied on 2306 plots in Balat bear the characteristics of the masonry houses of Istanbul in late 19th century in terms of their plan drawings and facade characteristics.
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