Kazı makinalarında üretim ve maliyet analizleri ile verimi etkileyen faktörlerin araştırılması

Başlık çevirisi mevcut değil.

Tez No: 55589
Yazar: FATİH TAN
Danışmanlar: PROF.DR. EVREN GÜNGÖR
Tez Türü: Yüksek Lisans
Konular: İnşaat Mühendisliği, Civil Engineering
Anahtar Kelimeler: Belirtilmemiş.
Yıl: 1996
Dil: Türkçe
Üniversite: İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi
Enstitü: Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü
Ana Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
Sayfa Sayısı: 89

Özet

ÖZET Bütün mühendislik yapılarında, yapının türüne göre belirli bir oranda kazı işi yapılmakta olup, inşaata da kazı işiyle başlanmaktadır. Kazı maliyeti bina ve benzeri inşaatlarda maliyetin %5 - %10 'u civarında olmasına karşın yol ve demiryolu inşaatlarında arazinin topoğrafik durumuna göre maliyetin %50 - %70 'i civarındadır. Buda inşaat mühendisliğinde kazı işlerinin, dolayısıyla kazı işlerinde kullanılan kazı makinalarının önemini açıkça göstermektedir. Bugün, gelişmiş kazı yöntemleri ve modem makinalar sayesinde bütün kazı işleri programlarına ve istenilen amaca uygun olarak, emniyetli ve ekonomik bir şekilde yapılabilmektedir. Kazı makinalarında üretim ve maliyet analizleri ile verimi etkileyen faktörlerin araştırması isimli bu tez çalışmasında sırasıyla, kazı makinalarının önemi ve bu alandaki gelişmeler, kazı işlerinde yaygın olarak kullanılan başlıca kazı makinaları ve üretim hesaplan, kazı makinalarmda maliyet analizleri ile verimi etkileyen faktörler incelenmektedir. Tez çalışmasının giriş bölümünde ağır inşaat makinalarının inşaat işlerindeki yeri ve önemi anlatılmıştır. Ağır inşaat makinalarındaki gelişmeler 2. dünya savaşından günümüze kadar olan süreç içerisinde incelenmiş ve maddeler halinde sıralanmıştır. İkinci bölümde kazı makinaları ve üretim hesapları hakkında bilgi verilmesi amaçlanmış, ilk olarak malzeme ve makina kapasitesi üzerinde durulmuştur. Kazı makinalarmdan başlıcaları olan ekskavatör, dozer, yükleyici (loder), skreyper ve kamyonlar incelenmiş, bu makinalarm özellikleri ve uygulamada verimlerini etkileyen faktörler açıklanarak üretim hesaplan verilmiştir. Üçüncü bölümde günümüzün modern yöntem ve makinaları ile yapılan çalışmalar için makinaların maliyet analizleri yapılmıştır. Genel olarak maliyet analizlerinde kullanılan hesaplama yöntemleri verildikten sonra lastik tekerlekli kazı ekipmanları için sayısal bir çalışma yapılmıştır. Dördüncü bölümde ise kazı makinalarında verim ile iş ve zaman etüdleri anlatılmıştır. Kazı makinalarının şantiye uygulamalarında verimi etkileyen faktörler incelenmekte ve bu makinalardan optimum yarar sağlanması, maliyet analizlerinin sağlıklı olarak belirlenmesi amacıyla iş ve zaman etüdlerinin yapılması önerilmektedir. Bu tez çalışması, inşaat mühendislerinin, kazı makinaları ile yapılan çalışmalarda üretim hesapları, verimi etkileyen faktörler ve verimi arttırmak için alınması gerekli tedbirler hakkındaki bilgileri bir kaynakta bulmaları açısından yardımcı olacaktır. Aynı zamanda bu konuda yapılacak ileriki çalışmalar ve değişik tipteki kazı makinaları için araştırmacıya mukayese imkanı vermesi yönünden önemli bir kaynak teşkil edecektir.

Özet (Çeviri)

SUMMARY A SURVEY OF FACTORS EFFECTED THE PRODUCTIVITY AND PRODUCTION AND COST ANALYSIS OF EXCAVATION MACHINERY in ali engineering constructions, depending on the type of structure a definite amount of excavation work is made and construction commences with excavation work. VVhile the excavation cost is 5% -10% of the total cost in building construction, it increases to 50% - 70% of the total cost in highvvay and railway constructions according to the topographic condition of the route and ali these show the importance of the excavation work in civil engineering. Today with the improved excavation method and appropriate modem machinery ali excavation works which were formerly impossible ör very expensive can be made more safely and economically. in this thesis, importance of the excavation machinery, developments in this area, main excavation machinery which are used in excavation activities as vvidely, production calculations, cost analysis on the excavation machinery and factors which effects the productivity, was examined. Introduction chapter of this thesis, place and importance of heavy construction machinery was explained. Again, the developments about the heavy construction machinery were explained and listed in order since the second world war up to now. Again in this chapter, subjects which must be considered while parking place of machine is forming, were explained. While choices of machine is making ; performance of machines, operating expenditures, convenientability, using simplicities, working lifes and purchasing simplicities are considered. in the second chapter, studies about the excavation machinery and production calculations were made. For this purpose firstly interested in capacity of materials and machines. The methods of volume changes calculation in material duration of excavation were explaned by giving various numerical examples. Again, unit weights of materials belonging various material vvhich are used in calculations are shown with tables. in this thesis, main excavation machinery ; excavators, dozers, loaders, scrapers and trucks were examined. Working principles and features of these machines were explaned and factors vvhich effect their productivity were examined. By giving production formulas belong to each excavation machinery, production calculations were made with various examples.The format of the presentation is designed primarily for use by a highvvay contractor's field supervisory personnel in evaluating the performance of their operating fleet. This study might also be used as an aid to contractors, ör other agencies for estimating purposes and predicting machine performance under given field conditions. it should be noted, hovvever, that the use of this data for with the estimator's own experience and knowledge of the situation at hand. Firstly; excavators are examined. Excavators were classified according to their vvorking principles. These excavators were scanned as backhoes, shovels and draglines in three groups. While choosing the excavator, the objects which must be considered, were listed. The method of production estimation using standart procedure is to determine an ideal output for the machine and material involved and then to modify this figüre by a svving-depth factor and an efficiency factor. Secondly; dozers vvhich are excavation machinery are examined. Dozers are classified in three groups according to their vvorking system. These are bulldozer, angledozer and tiltdozer. The correct matching of a type dozer and dozer blade leads to maximum production and this obviously depends on the material to be moved and the limitations of the tractor. The weight and horse power of the tractor determine its ability to push loads. Thirdly; loaders were examined as excavation machinery. Loaders are used in many site in order to exacavate soft to medium-hard material, loading hoppers and haul units, stockpilling material, backfilling ditches and moving concrete and other construction materials. Loaders generally have two types, as rubber tired and track loader. Productions of loaders were given. Estimates of loader production are usually based on bucked capacity and loader cycle time. The basic cycle time include the time required for loading, dumping, four reversals of direction, and travelling a minimum distance. The other examined excavation machinery are scrapers. in many earthmoving applications the sacrapers fleet provides the answer. They are designed for loading and dumping soil över medium to long distances in the earthmoving process. There are three standart types of scrapers in common use around the vvorld today. A single engine scraper of two axl design, twin engined scrapers and elevating scrapers. Scraper's production calculations were explained and Scraper's loading methods were given. Finally, at this chapter, trucks and their production's calculations were explained. Dump trucks are the main objects of this matter. Dump trucks generally are classified as off-highway, on-highway and articulated. The compenents of truck cycle are similar to those of the scrapers. Thus total cycle time is the sum of the fixed time (spot, load, maneuver and dump). xiin ali these studies certain data was considered constant; i.e., it remained unchanged for ali cycles of a particular operation. Examples included the condition of the haul road and the type of material excavated. These factors later became the parameters under which the varios cycle elements were grouped for analysis an comparison. The criteria under which the basic parameters were listed below; a)Type of machines were first classified according to their basic configuration and method of operation. b)Size of machine types were further subdivided according to their heaped capacity. c)Type of material excavated was subdivided into several catagories. d)Grade of Houl Roads were subdivided according to the net percent grade as measured in the direction of haul from the cut to the fiil. e)Condition of Haul Road; The overall condition of the haul road was also subdivided into three categories. These are good condition, fair condition and poor condition. in the third chapter ; cost analysis of excavation machinery were made for studies vvhich are made with today's modem methods and machines. Cost analysis were divided in to several parts and the parts which create cost analysis were examined. Generally cost analysis vvhich are made for excavation equipment are formed from two main part. These part were examined as owning cost and operating cost. Owning cost were classified into basic parts such as depreciation, interest, insurance, taxes, storage costs and methods of accounting were explained for each of them. Second part of cost analysis is the operating cost and it's elements are tire cost, general repair cost, fuel cost, service cost, cost of special items and operatör wages. Methods of accounting of each cost were explained. in general, after giving methods of calculations vvhich are used in cost analysis, a numerical study was made for rubber-tired excavation equipment. in the fourth chapter, productivitiy, work and time studies of excavation machinery were explained. Effective factors in productivity on site applications of excavation machinery were examined and making of work and time studies suggested for providing optimum utility from those machines and determining about reliable cost analysis. Therefore effective factors in productivity of excavation equipments were placed in two different groups. These are named as work management factors and project factors. Some of work management factors were xiiexplained and prevents which are necessary to take, are explained. Economic and physical lifes of machines were given by graphic. In order to define time dispose of, a general equation was given and determining of this equation was explained. Necessary work and time studies were explained for better management of excavation activities, increase productivity, decrease cost of excavation and analysis for this. For this purpose, work and time studies, which are made in Turkey and USA, were explained and the results were given. Generally, work and time studies which are made include three main elements: i) Machines which are used in studies, determining the delays that were occured duration of studies and determining the rate of benefit from study period. ii) Cycle times of machines, during the study period in production. iii) Hourly productivity of machines and amount of work during the study period. During the study period, delays of 15 minutes or more than that are classified as major delays. The most of these are due to the bad weather conditions, machines' maintenance and repairs. Individual delays of less than 15 minutes in duration are classified as minor delays. Minor delays are more important than major delays. It is true that they are only in order seconds, but their sum is very high and when there is full working with full staff, it is maximum in expenditures and losses will be very important. Hourly productivities of machines in duration are found by dividing to study period of soil volume that was cutted and hauled in this period. Again in this chapter work and time studies were given which were made in USA about motor scrapers using now. These field studies were conducted in order to determine the productive capabilities of the machines under various conditions. Supplementary pusher studies were also conducted to aid in evaluating the scraper operations. Productive work time (the time the scrapers was actually engaged in its designated function of excavating and transporting material) averaged 69 percent of the Total Work Time Studied (TWTS). Minor delays, those lasting less than 15 minutes, occured consistently throughout all the operations and totaled 13 percent of the TWTS; the most significant of the minor delays was the wait of pusher delay. This particular type accounted for 6 percent of TWTS, or approximately 50 percent of all minor delay time. The remainder of the TWTS, 18 percent, was xiiiattributed to major delays, those delays lasting 15 minutes or more, in order to discount localized weather conditions, all weather delays were excluded from the study time. The various compenents of the productive cycle; loading, dumping, turning and travelling, were isolated and analised. Loading was categorised according to the loading method employed and the type of material excavated. Dumping was categorised according to the size and number of engines of the scraper. Turning operations were found to be relaitevely constand for all types and sizes of scrapers. Travel time, the most time-consuming segment of the productive cycle, was categorised according to the type and heaped capacity of the scraper and the net grade and overall condition of the haul road. In the last chapter results of this thesis study have produced conclusions and suggestions which should assist contractors in better understanding of productive capabilities of their excavation machinery. Today with opportunities provided by the technology, heavy construction machinery, under each kind of condition, arrived to very high level, in the way of performance and practice economics. Concerned people, from now on, have opportunity about to be owner of the most suitable capacitied and performanced heavy construction machinery. But, under each kind of office conditions, in order to provide high performance without concession, users of machines must consider the effective factors about productivity explained in this study. This thesis will be helpful to the civil engineers in finding the knowledges about the works of excavation machinery in one source. Also it will be a source in order to compare with future studies about this subject and studies about different types of machinery. xiv

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