Cep telefonu üzerine bir araştırma ve tasarım
Başlık çevirisi mevcut değil.
- Tez No: 55861
- Danışmanlar: PROF.DR. LATİFE K. GÜRER
- Tez Türü: Yüksek Lisans
- Konular: Endüstri ve Endüstri Mühendisliği, Industrial and Industrial Engineering
- Anahtar Kelimeler: Belirtilmemiş.
- Yıl: 1996
- Dil: Türkçe
- Üniversite: İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi
- Enstitü: Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü
- Ana Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
- Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
- Sayfa Sayısı: 83
Özet
Özet İletişim, varoluşlarından bu yana insanoğlu için vazgeçilmez ve kaçınılmaz bir ihtiyaç olmuştur. İnsanlar, yaklaşan tehlikeleri haber vermekten, sevinçleri paylaşmaya, olağanüstü durumların bildirilmesinden doğan yeni bir bebeğin duyurulmasına kadar her türlü bilgiyi diğer insanlara iletmek üzere kesin bir yol bulmuş ve haberleşmeyi -iletişimi- sağlamıştır. Duman, tamtam sesleri, güvercinle haber uçurmak, ulak yollamaktan telgrafa ve çok yakın bir geçmişe, 19. yy 'a kadar hayal bile edilemeyen telefona dek uzanan gelişim, her geçen gün sunulan yeni bir olanakla daha da ileri gitmektedir. Günümüzde geldiği en son nokta cep telefonlarıdır ki, bu iletişimin son noktası değil ancak önemli bir adımıdır. Bunu takiben, üzerinde henüz çalışılmakta olan görüntülü telefonlar ve derken görüntülü el telefonları... Bunlar şimdilik insan beyninin ulaşabildiği, olabilirliği yüksek araştırmalardır. Bu tez, kullanıcısı her geçen gün daha çok artan cep telefonları üzerine bir araştırma niteliğindedir. Telefonun sözlük anlamı, tarihçesi, Türkiye ' ye gelişi, geçmişten günümüze makinalann gelişimi ve örneklenmesi konularıyla başlamaktadır. İkinci bölüm, sistemin tanıtalım ve teknik bir takım özellikleri kapsamaktadır. Kullandığımız sistemden farklı bir sistemle, GSM ( Global System for Mobile Communication) ile çalışan cep telefonları, hücresel habeleşmeyi ve sayısal teknolojiyi kullanmaktadır. Radyo dalgalan kullanılarak hareketli oluşu sağlanmış, GSM ile bir norma oturtularak, bu şebekeye dahil her yerde işletimine olanak tanınmıştır. Üçüncü kısım bir pazar araştırmasını, ilk analog örneklerden başlayarak bugüne kadar olan örnekleri içermektedir. Türkiye' de üretilmekte olan yerli bir cep telefonu olmamakla birlikte; onlarca marka, çeşit cihazlar, ithal izni almış firmalarca pazarlanmaktadır. Tasarım yaklaşımlarının anlatıldığı dördüncü bölüm; tasarım stratejileri, anket uygulaması, bu anketin analizi, bulgular ve sonuçlarına dairdir. Kullanıcı tercihlerinin, şikayetçi oldukları konuların belirlenmesi; tasarlanan yeni ürünün kullanıcı anketi ile desteklenmesi gerekmektedir. Problemlerin belirlenmesi ve elde edilen bilgilerin kullanılır duruma getirilmesi, ileride aksayan yönlerin daha rahat ortaya konup, direk müdahaleye olanak tanıması açısından sistematik bir yaklaşıma ihtiyaç duyulmaktadır ki, bu nedenle bir ürün şartnamesi hazırlanmalıdır. Beşinci bölüm ürün şartnamesidir. Son kısım, tüm tezin toparlanıp bir sonuç ortaya konulmasıdır. Sonuç bölümü olmakla beraber, aslında ideal bir cep telefonuna yönelik baş yazı niteliğinde varsayılabilir. Bütün veriler, en ideali - teknolojinin imkan tanıdığı kadarıyla - yaratmak üzere baz alınıp, şık bir kaba oturtulmak üzeredir. IX
Özet (Çeviri)
Summary Research on Cellular Phones and a new Design This thesis I have prepared under the title of ' Research on Cellular Phones ' is formed of 6 chapters and consists the systematic approach of an industrial designer towards the product he is working on. The designer in order to perform an investigation on the product and to collect data, has to make analyses by both making one to one interview with users and perform questionnaires. If we consider the fact that, today an industrial product that has been designed only to meet the human needs considering primarily the functionality could very easily become a common device and loose its prestige or influence, it can be claimed that morphological aspects become very important. For this reason the designer should achieve both functionality and esthetics. The cellular phones that have been developed since mid eighties, show improvement comparing with first models. As the phase studies carried out by ETSI ( European Telecommunication Standards Institute ) for GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications ) have proceeded forward the functions of mobile phones technically have increased as well. After the mobile phones and paging has ended dependence to site, cellular phone has dominated both by usability in every media. Besides sending and receiving messages, cellular phone can also be used as a calculator. In near future it will also have the capability to send fax messages. The introduction chapter of this research on cellular phones that are widely used in daily life, will cover the following subjects; the meaning of telephone, history of telephone, telephone in Türkiye and telephone from yesterday up to now. The word meaning tele means far and phone means voice in ancient Greek. The word telephone was first used by the physician Wheatstone in 1823. The communications have always been the service sections that are needed by mankind all the time long men began to live communities. Smoke, drums, sending pigeons, courier and then comes the telegram. Communication has become an unavoidable and inevitable need since the existence of human being. With the invention of telephone by Graham Bell in 1876, a point that is extremely important and different has been reached. The first telephone service was provided in Türkiye, just five years after the invention of telephony that is in the year of 1881, in Istanbul. The first automatic telephone exchange of Ankara was inaugurated in the year of 1926. It has been the first automatic telephone exchange among the Balkan country.The special telecommunications systems like land based mobile radio telephone, radio paging videoconference, videotex, teletex systems and data exchanges had been introduced first time in the telecommunication networks of our country in the year of 1986. Cellular phones have been used first in 1994. First telephone devices were consisted of two pieces built on the web. By turning an arm, man was able to connect to the operator and via operator connecting to the required subscriber. Afterwards telephone devices, in which the microphone and receiver were placed on a single unit had been used in 1910 and 1920' s, there came the telephone devices on which apparatus for dialing the required subscriber had been mounted. Afterwards this dialing apparatus was altered by buttons. The wireless phones, mobile phones, visual phones and visual handhold phones are the signs that communication has no limits. The second chapter cellular phones more consists technical properties and introduces the GSM system which is different than the system we are using for daily communication. Cellular radio has come about because of the need to provide mobile telephone service nationally, not just statewide. Decoupling the telephone from its wires to the local exchange to provide a radio telephone using radio communication channels has been explored for several decades. The radiotelephone is defined as a telephone without wires; the connection to the local exchange is made via radio. Apart from the microphone and earpiece, the radiotelephone is quite different. For example, it needs a rechargeable battery to supply power for the operation of the unit. Both the mobile station and the base station need radio antennas. These antennas must be suitable for the radio frequencies that are licensed and allocated within the radio spectrum set aside for the service. The mobile station carries its own 'telephone number' in internal memories. This is unique to a personal radiotelephone or cellular radio. It allows subscriber to roam over the network. The story begins in 1982 when the European Conference of Posts and Telecommunications Administrations (CEPT), consisting then of the telecommunication administrations of twenty-six nations, made two very significant decisions. The first was to establish a team with the title“Group Speciale Mobile”(hence, originally, the term 'GSM') to develop a set of common standards for a future pan -European cellular network. The second was to recommend that two blocks of frequencies in the 900 MHz band be set aside for the system. The CEPT made these decisions as first steps in an attempt to solve the problems that were being created by the uncoordinated development of individual national mobile communication systems using incompatible standards. The impossibility of using the same terminal in different countries whilst traveling (or roaming ) across Europe was one of these problems. Another was XIthe lack of a sufficiently large home market with common standards making it difficult to establish a Europe-wide mobile communications industry that would be competitive in world markets. The GSM specification was designed to be implemented in three stages; Phase 1, Phase 2, Phase 2+. GSM networks currently operating use the basic Phase 1 specification. Phase 1 networks also provide call barring, call forwarding and basic data services. Phase 2 provides a range of additional features including calling line identification, multi-user working, cell broadcast, extended GSM, half-rate capability and closed user groups. Phase 2+ provides advanced data transmission services. The development teams ensure both backwards and forwards compatibility between the different phases. A special card called SIM ( Subscriber Identity Module) Card is a smart card that contains phone number, service details and memory for storing phone book numbers and messages. SIM Card can be used in someone else's GSM phone and will be charged for the call. Till the card has been removed out of cellular phone, subscriber can perform communication through this number programmed. Although the card is stolen or lost, it can not be used by anyone who does not know the password. Besides SIM card provide a security provision for the cellular phone since a cellular phone that has ended its operation with a specific SIM Card can not be taken into operation with another SIM Card. Also through the GSM system the location of a stolen cellular phone and the number it is operated through can be determined. Mobile phones were first used in Türkiye in February 24th, 1994 in Ankara, Istanbul, Izmir. GSM network had been established by Telsim and Turkcell (The licence of Telsim had been cancelled.). Yet there has not been a Turkish production cellular phone, but Aselsan has been working on this subject and had sent a specimen abroad for approval (only four countries; Germany, France, England and Denmark give approval to mobile phones). By year 1996, 34 companies has taken permission for importing cellular phones and has been marketing these phones. The third part consists a market research and aims to introduce the properties of cellular phones in market. The section includes mobile phones starting from first analog phones (1994- 1996) till the mobile phones in market today. For example, the first model of Nokia was handhold and analog. Its dimensions were so big that could not carry easily and it could be used nationally. From 1994 to now the models have changed, the dimensions have been smaller and the electronic features have developed. The last models are 13 cm. big and they are seen really for pocket. XUThe fourth part explains the design approaches. It includes the method, design strategies, questionnaire application and analysis, results and conclusion of these questionnaires. In order to reach the ideal cellular phone concept, the user preferences and the complication they have should be determined. The cellular phones in market have been investigated, a new cellular phone has been designed. This design has been supported by a questionnaire filled by cellular phone users. The questions in the questionnaire have been prepared considering the aspects that fails or may fail in cellular phones. The trademark of the product is the first question. The second is if the users have complaint about their phones use. The others are about the features; dimensions, weight, antennas, SIM Cards, to reach the earpiece voice button easily or not, to push the buttons accidentally during the use or out of the use, to push the buttons easily or not. The last question is that users have any request about the apparatus. These questions are characteristic for designing a new one. The example of questionnaire that is formed of twelve questions is by the appendix 2. The result of this part supported the design, because the aspects of the users are the basic characteristic. The fifth part is a product specification. The qualification and reliability are parallel to the success of the product. The 'product specification' is prepared for designing an ideal cellular phone. The specification is about legal conditions, product qualities, consumer qualities, market conditions, design processes, the relation between product and environment, lifetime influences. When we prepare a good 'product specification', it will be auxiliary to others that will product afterwards. The designed phone has to have different shell because the market is so big and the advantages begin with its appearance. Functionality and electronic qualification are the other important subjects. The surrounding where the apparatus is used has to be dependable. It is illegal to use in an aeroplane, in the vicinity of explosive substances; while driving unless be used hands free car kit. For the sake of personal safety and correct functioning of the appliance will be avoided touching the antenna while the phone is in operation. The phone may cause interference on electrical appliances if used too near to appliances ( e.g. radios, televisions, computers, etc.). All of these are only a few safety rules by using the phone. It is a new product and is being used since 1994. However the first examples of the cellular phone had finished their lifetime, because the models, the qualifications have been improved; the weight and the dimensions have been reduced. Because of these reasons the consumer prefers the new model to the old one. XlllThe last part of the thesis is the conclusion. It is a summary about the design strategies, the users' requests and analyses of examples in the market. All data placed into a smart receptacle in order to create the ideal thing can be produced in the technological limits. XIV
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