Kentleşme sürecinin su havzalarındaki yerleşmelere etkisi: Samandıra örneği
The influence of the urbanization process on water basin: The case of 'Samandıra example'
- Tez No: 66429
- Danışmanlar: DOÇ. DR. GÜLDEN ERKUT
- Tez Türü: Yüksek Lisans
- Konular: Şehircilik ve Bölge Planlama, Urban and Regional Planning
- Anahtar Kelimeler: Belirtilmemiş.
- Yıl: 1997
- Dil: Türkçe
- Üniversite: İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi
- Enstitü: Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü
- Ana Bilim Dalı: Şehir ve Bölge Planlama Ana Bilim Dalı
- Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
- Sayfa Sayısı: 157
Özet
ÖZET Türkiye'de 1950'Ii yıllardan itibaren karşı karşıya kalman hızlı kentleşme süreci, kent mekan dokusu üzerinde her geçen yıl artan oranda tahribe yol açmaktadır. İstanbul ise bu süreç boyunca tahribin en yoğun yaşandığı yerleşim olarak önemli bir yer teşkil etmektedir. Sadece Türkiye'nin değil, dünyanın sayılı kentlerinden biri olarak uluslararası bir değere sahip olan İstanbul'un fiziksel, sosyo-ekonomik, ekolojik, teknik, yasal ve yönetimsel sorunları her geçen gün daha da büyümeye devam etmektedir. Plansız ve altyapısız bir şekilde gelişimini sürdürmeye devam eden İstanbul, on milyonu aşkın nüfusu ile bugün artık sorunlar yumağı haline gelmiştir. Son yıllarda bu sorunlar içerisinde İçme ve Kullanma Suyu Kaynaklarındaki kirlenme önemli bir yer işgal etmektedir. Giderek artan nüfusun gereksinimini karşılamaktan uzaklaşan ve hızla kirlenmeye devam eden bu kaynaklar, konunun özel bir önem taşımasına yol açmaktadır. 1980'li yıllarda birçok gelişmekte olan ülkede olduğu gibi ülkemizde de yaşanan artan nüfus ve konut için elverişli arsa arzının azalması sonucunda, barınma ihtiyacını karşılamaya yönelik yasa dışı gelişmeler kentlerin ekolojik yönden hassas bölgelerine de kaymıştır. İstanbul'daki su havzalarıda bu kontrolsüz yayılmanın olumsuz yansımalarının yaşandığı en önemli yerlerden biri olma özelliğini taşımaktadır. İstanbul'a su temin eden kaynaklar içerisinde (Ömerli, Elmalı, Alibey, Büyükçekmece, Sazlıdere, Terkos, Darlık) %31.8 gibi önemli bir orana sahip olan Ömerli Havzası'da üzerindeki yerleşmelerin yoğun baskısı nedeni ile tehlike sinyalleri vermektedir. Havza'da yer alan plansız yerleşmeler ve sanayi tesisleri makro ve mikro ölçekte Ömerli Havzası'nda ciddi çevre sorunları yaratmaktadır. İstanbul'un can damarlarından birisi olan 150 milyon metreküp kapasiteli Ömerli Havzası, çevresindeki 600 bini aşkın insan ve 261 fabrika ile yoğun bir kirlilik tehtidi altındadır. Samandıra'daki yoğun yapılaşmanın da etkili olduğu bu nüfus artışı doyum seviyesine ulaşıncaya kadar, plansız kentleşme baskısı altındaki Ömerli Havzası 'nın bir çamur gölü haline gelmesi beklenmektedir. Havza üzerinde onyedisi uzak, dört tanesi orta, dört tanesi mutlak, iki tanesi kısa koruma kuşağında olmak üzere toplam yirmiyedi yerleşim birimi bulunmaktadır. Gittikçe kontrolü imkansızlaşan nicel büyümeler gösteren bu yerleşmeler (Sultanbeyli, Şamandıra, Sultançiftliği vb) havza ekosistemi üzerinde olumsuz yönde önemli rol oynamaktadır. Ömerli Havzası uzun koruma kuşağında yer alan ve kamu arazilerinin işgal edilmesi yolu ile ortaya çıkan Samandıra'da, havza içerisinde gerek barındırdığı sanayi tesisleri, gerekse yoğun yapılaşma potansiyeli nedeni ile acil tedbirler alınması gereken yerleşimlerden birini oluşturmaktadır. Gerek Havza'da yaşayanların, gerekse İstanbul halkının sağlığı için“kendi başına buyruk”bir gelişim gösteren ve metropoliten alanın bütüncül çıkarlarına ters düşen böylesi bir yapılaşmanın gerçekleştiği Samandıra'nın ve Havza'da yer alan diğer yoğun yapılaşmanın görüldüğü yerlerin kontrol altına alınması gerekmektedir. IX
Özet (Çeviri)
THE INFLUENCE OF THE URBANIZATION PROCESS ON WATER BASIN: THE CASE OF“ŞAMANDIRA EXAMPLE”SUMMARY Considering the development activities which are very important for the welfare and happiness of the human beings; the important point is to analyze developmental studies apart from environmental activities which in turn may produce negative effects on the environment. Pollution signals seen in drinking and waste water are also caused by not paying attention on how the environment would be destroyed. Istanbul which is under the pressure of immigration, increasing population, unplanned urbanization and industrialization, is the city that presents this destruction mentioned above. The process of the unplanned construction of the buildings without infrastructure that are located around the fringes of metropolitan city exhibits rural characteristics and do not present the“development”process. Our metropolitan cities with rapid population increase cause the increase in construction which has negative effects on historical and cultural values. In these cities which are sheltering more and more people day by day, especially in Istanbul, the physical growth is going on. The thing that should be kept in mind is the population increase does not mean that the settlement is developing. The population increase seen in Ömerli Basin, that is so vital for Istanbul, also exhibits this unhealty development characteristics. Population increase and industrialization, those which cause waste of natural sources and produce various environmental problems, enable destruction in the ecosystem of the basin. Residential pollution produced by unlicenced construction, industrial churns produced by industrial foundations and agricultural chemicals used out of effective control systems are the basic reasons of the pollution in the basin. Considering these obstacles mentioned above, the pollution in the basin can not be prevented. The activites taken apart from the basin protection regulations creates pollution in these places and shorten the life of them. Şamandıra Settlement which is chosen as a research field, with its population potential and development process, has a very important place in Ömerli Basin.Şamandıra Settlement which has faced a great immigration pressure after years 1985 and taken municipality status after giving up village status in 1992, shows a settlement characteristics that creates serious environmental problems. The rapid population increase and construction process seen in Şamandıra Settlement is a process away from technical infrastructure and eduquate socio-cultural services, as the urbanization process seen in Turkey after years 1 950. Şamandıra Settlement inhabitants are mostly rural originated and left their home in order to be close to urban services and have better living standards. Those people who are aware of urban services are far away from these services in Şamandıra Settlement. They go to other surrounding settlements especillay Kartal in order to assure their basic needs like education and health. This big population increase, seen in Şamandıra Settlement and other settlements in Ömerli Basin, is produced by various reasons. Inadequate empowerment of the organization of Istanbul Water Sewarage Administration, that is responsible to protect the water sources' quality, with existing laws and regulations, the insensitivity of the municipalities against the unlicenced constructions, and their attitude to pretend not to see them, dismission to the industrial foundations built in water Basins in order to create employment opportunities, publishing building dismissal frequently, the disorder and the confusion in the competences and the ommission to examine the aspects of the environmentalpollution in site planning are the basic reasons of the increase of pollution caused by industry and population. During the field research the characteristics of the Şamandıra Settlement has been examined as follows; most of the people are young and primary school graduates and workers. They are aware of their effectiveness in the pollution created in the settlement but defend themselves by saying“How can I change this by myself?”and they try to turn their unjust and unresponsable attitudes in to a reasonable point. The basic thing in conservation of water source, which are important for the whole of society, and future arrangements is to educate people in the fields of sustainable development and liveable space. Sustainable development is defined by the World Commission on Environment and Development (1987), as the ability of humanity to ensure that development meets the needs of the present without comprising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Livability of urban environment is an important component for sustainable development. An alternative paradigm for sustainability proposed as a world where urban environments and science are shaped locally rather than externally and where development is more informed and disciplined by local ecelogical, social and cultural values. In Habitat II agenda livability is defined as follows. Quality of life of people depends on, among other social and economic factors, the physical conditions and spatial characteristics of our villages, town and cities. City lay-out and aesthetics, land use patterns, population and building densities and ease of access to adequate public amenities all have crucial bearing on the livability of settlements. XITherefore, people's needs and aspirations for more livable neighbourhoods and settlements should guide the process of design, management and maintenance of human settlements whereby public health is protected, safety and security conditions are provided, social integration, respect for diversity and cultural identities are promoted, and spiritual, historic and culturally significant buildings and districs are properly preserved. în livable urban environments quality of life should be high. İt is important to take the water pollution not only from the view of health also from the view conservation of the sources and to use them in a planned way. It is essential to increase the environmental pollution problems, formed in Ömerli Dam Basin by wrong land uses, into minimum levels by assessing Şamandıra Settlement and also the other settlements in the basin altogether. The research on Şamandıra Settlement's indicates that concerning livability and sustainability of today's and future's residents, urgent planning measures has to taken for such developmental processes going on around Ömerli and other water basins in Istanbul. As it is impossible to study the Şamandıra Settlement apart from Ömerli basin, the subject has been examined in two scale. In regional scale, It has been examined the natural structure and the environmental problems of the basin by collecting the data of Ömerli Basin in the urban scale, It has been tried to examine the effects of the Şamandıra Settlement on Ömerli Dam Basin by analysing the settlement that has an important place in Ömerli. The thesis made of six parts and it is structured as follows: In the first part, the main subject matter of the thesis; definition and importance of the problem are presented. In the second part; as It has been beleived that to examine the urbanization process which also brings, various problems, would make easier to understand the changes in Water Basins, the reflections of this process on water basins have been determined. In addition, the legal framework have great importance for drinking and waste water sources, It has been examined the legal framework of pollution and audits of water sources in Turkey. In the forth part It has been explained the general characteristics of Ömerli Basin, where Şamandıra Settlement is located. The physical, socia-demographic and socia- economic characteristics of the Basin that has been polluted by various reasons has been examined and the assestments of the basin quality are examined in order to indicate the dimensions of pollution. In this part that has been emphasined the water quality of the Basin and the rivers, It has been examined the available measurement methods for prevention of pollution of the Basin. 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