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İstanbul'daki yeni camilerin kıble doğrultularının GPS ile belirlenmesi

Determining the qıble directions of new mosques in İstanbul by GPS

  1. Tez No: 66527
  2. Yazar: HASAN ÖZER
  3. Danışmanlar: DOÇ. DR. MUHAMMED ŞAHİN
  4. Tez Türü: Yüksek Lisans
  5. Konular: Jeodezi ve Fotogrametri, Geodesy and Photogrammetry
  6. Anahtar Kelimeler: Belirtilmemiş.
  7. Yıl: 1997
  8. Dil: Türkçe
  9. Üniversite: İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi
  10. Enstitü: Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü
  11. Ana Bilim Dalı: Jeodezi ve Fotogrametri Mühendisliği Ana Bilim Dalı
  12. Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
  13. Sayfa Sayısı: 109

Özet

ÖZET Camilerin gerçekten kıbleye bakıp bakmadığı halk arasında zaman zaman tartışılagelmiştir. Bazı camilerin hatalı olduğu düşünülmüş, bazılarının da hatalı olduğu tespit edilmiş ve buna göre cami içerisinde saf düzeninde düzeltme yapılmıştır. Düşündük ki, böyle bir tartışma konusuna bir nebze de olsa açıklık getirebilmek amacıyla bu konuda bir çalışma yapalım. Bu çalışmamıza örnek teşkil eden camileri İstanbul'da son zamanlarda yapılan camilerden seçtik ki teknolojinin bu kadar geliştiği bir zamanda acaba bu imkanlar varken camiler doğru olarak yöneltilebilmiş mi sorusuna cevap bulmak istedik. Bu çalışmamıza altlık olması için dört noktalı bir jeodezik ağ oluşturulmuş ve bu ağ Global Positioning System ile koordinatlandırılmıştır. Bu ağın noktalan 1986 yılında oluşturulmuş olan İstanbul Metropolitan Nirengi Ağı noktalandır. Bu ağ noktalarından hariç, camilerin civarlarında uygun yerlerde poligon noktalan tesis edilmiş ve bu poligonlar da GPS ile kestirme yolu ile koordinatlandırılmıştır. Bu poligonlardan da kutupsal olarak cami köşelerine koordinat verilmiştir. Kıble doğrultulan ise caminin ön ve arka köşesinden geçen doğrunun açıklık açısı olarak kabul edilmiştir. Bu yöntem ile her caminin kıble doğrultusu ayrı ayrı hesaplanmıştır. Kıble doğrultulan birbirine çok yakın çıkan dört caminin kıblesinin aritmetik ortalaması alınarak Ortalama Kıble Doğrultusu bulunmuştur. Bu ortalama değere göre diğer iki caminin sapması hesaplanmıştır. Ayrıca, İslam'ın konuya bakış açısı araştırılmış ve sapması bulunan camilerin durumu değerlendirilmiştir. Haziran, 1997 Hasan ÖZER IX

Özet (Çeviri)

SUMMARY DETERMINING THE QIBLA DIRECTIONS OF NEW MOSQUES IN ISTANBUL BY GPS The main aim of the study is to determine the Qibla direction of some mosques in Istanbul, and to see if there is any difference from the Real Qibla direction. Geodesy and photogrammetry engineers are able to solve this problem. In practice, Qible direction is applied by civil servant using“Qibla Time”method, and geodesy and photogrammetry engineers are not involved in this matter. We have asked the government officials to confirm its truthfulness. So, this study becomes important to see the reliability of the Qibla Time method. Qibla Time is a minute in everyday at which a bar's shadow shows the qibla direction. The bar must be perpendicular to ground surface. Six new mosques, in Ümraniye-İstanbul, are selected as an example for this study. A geodetic net is formed. It was decided that the net points will be the points of Istanbul Metropolitan Triangulation Net, which was formed in 1986 by the Istanbul Greater Municipality. Due to the damage of some points of this Triangulation Net, a net with four points is formed. Two old traverse points have been founded near each mosque to give coordinates to mosque's edges. The net points and the old traverse points have been coordinated by Global Positioning System (GPS). GPS is a satellite system which provides precise three-dimesional position, navigation and time information. The system is available on world-wide, and independent from meteorological conditions. The studies on GPS have been carried out since 1973 in America. GPS was a military system in first, then limited possibilities are given to civilean users. Since 1983, GPS is used for solution of geodetic problems. The system consists of 24 satellites which have approximately20200 km altitude from ground. The orbits of satellites is planned in such a way that at least four satellites are simultaneously visible at anywhere on the earth. GPS is a one-way surveying system. The main observation is the travelling time of signal between the satellite and receiver antenna's. From the known satellite coordinates, the user antenna coordinates can be determined in 3D. Three observations are enough for this. A fourth observation is needed because, GPS is one-way ranging system and the receiver clock is not synchronised with the satellite clock. GPS consists of three segments : 1. Space Segment 2. Control Segment 3. GPS Receiver (User Segment) Space Segment contains 24 satellites. Above 15° of cut-off angle, 4-8 satellite can be observed from anywhere on the earth during 24 hours. The satellites are on six orbit at space. Each satellite orbit contains four satellites. There are three kinds of satellite; BLOCK I development satellites BLOCK II production satellites BLOCK II-R replenishment satellites. Eleven Block I satellites were launched between 1978 and 1985 into two orbital planes of 63 inclination. The first Block II production satellite was launched in 1989. A total of 28 Block II operational vehicles are planned to support the 24 satellite configuration. The period of each satellite is 12 hours at the sidereal time, and have 4 minutes difference from Universal Time. Control Segment contains three kinds of stations; 1. Main Control Station XI2. Monitor Station 3. Ground Antenna The tasks of the control segment are to monitor and control the satellite system continously to determine the GPS system time and to update the navigation message for each satellite. The monitor stations receive all satellite signals, and link to the Main Control Station. From these data, the main control station computes satellite ephemerides and navigation message. Then, these message data are transmitted to the three Ground Antennas, and by these three ground antennas, the satellite ephemerides and satellite clock information are loaded to the each GPS satellites. This operation, nowadays, is done once per day. GPS signals must provide a mean for determining positions in real time. This is achieved by modulating the carriers with pseudorandom noise (PRN) codes. These are sequences of binary values (zero and ones) which appear to have random character, but which can be identified unequivocally. The pseudoranges are derived from the travel time of an identified coded PRN signal. Two different codes are in use, the P-code and C/A-code. P means precision or protected, and C/A means clear/acquisition. The P-code has a frequency of 10.23 Mhz, and its wavelength is about 30 m. The C/A-code has a frequency of 1.023 MHz and its wavelength is about 300 m. The epochs of both codes are synchronized. The main components of a GPS receiver are. antenna with preamplifier. RF section with signal identification and signal processing. microprocessor for receiver control, data sampling and data processing. precision oscillator. power supply. user interface, command & display panel. memory, data storage xuThe interval of data collection with Leica is 15 second with 15 minute stay at a point. The four net points and 12 traverses are included in the surveying. Data are post-processed. Firstly, each point is solved itself, called single point solution. The results of single point solutions are the approximate values for the baseline solutions. The relative coordinates of the baselines are solved by the baseline solutions. The net is computed using the outputs of the baseline solutions. The results are in WGS-84 Coordinate System. These coordinates are transformed to the Country Coordinate System by Helmert Transformation. The baselines, which are between a net point and a traverse, are also computed during these computations. So, besides the net points, the traverses are also coordinated. After coordinating the geodetic points, the mosque edge points are coordinated by polar observations, which use the distances and directions. There are two points on the edges: one in the front and the other one in the back of the mosque. The direction of these two edge points gives the Qibla direction of that mosque. This method is used for six mosques to Qibla directions. The ellipsoidal coordinates of Kaba or a point very near to Kaba, is needed to compute the Real Qibla Direction. We have tried to get its coordinates in Internet, but we could not find the ellipsoidal coordinates of Kaba. We have also sent faxes to some univercities in Saudi Arabia (Medinah Islam University, Riyadh Imam Muhammed Bin Saud University and Makkah Umm-Al Qura University). In the end, we could not be successful. So, the Real Qibla Direction could not be computed, and the qibla directions of mosques could not be investigated according to the Real Qibla Direction. For this reason, Average Qibla Direction is preferred instead of Real Qibla Direction. The qibla directions of four mosques are very similar to each other, but the other two mosques are different than the others. The Average Qibla Direction is computed using these four qibla directions which are similar to each other. After this, the differences of the other two mosques are computed. The difference of the Namazgah Mosque is 10.12125 grad and the difference of the Necat Mosque is 33.55135 grad. The differences are not small. Islam says that the qibla direction must be determined in an angle of secondary direction. For example, if the qibla direction is coincided with south direction, the direction of a mosque must not be on the easter direction of south-east and the wester Xllldirection of south-west. This means that the difference from real qibla directions could be more than 50 grad. The Namazgah and Necat mosques' differences are under this limit. These two mosques are not inconvient according to Islam, but it must be stated that 10 and 33 grad differences are not acceptable during this century. The Namazgah Mosque, which has a difference of 10 grad, looks towards the opposite side of Red Sea. The qibla direction of Necat Mosque, which has a difference of 33 grad, looks towards the easter part of Eygpt and Sudan. The development in the technology must be used in every branch, and also in determining the qibla direction. The determining of qibla direction is the subject of geodesy and photogrammetry engineers. Geodesy and Photogrammetry Engineers will compute and apply this matter perfectly by using the last technology and its devices. xiv

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