Kentsel ve yarı kentsel alanlarda dar gelirliler için konut politikaları ve mimarın rolü
Housing policies and architects role in urban and semi-urban areas for low-income families
- Tez No: 66535
- Danışmanlar: PROF. DR. METE ÜNÜGÜR
- Tez Türü: Yüksek Lisans
- Konular: Mimarlık, Architecture
- Anahtar Kelimeler: Belirtilmemiş.
- Yıl: 1997
- Dil: Türkçe
- Üniversite: İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi
- Enstitü: Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü
- Ana Bilim Dalı: Mimarlık Ana Bilim Dalı
- Bilim Dalı: Bina Bilgisi Bilim Dalı
- Sayfa Sayısı: 120
Özet
ÖZET Bu tez kapsamında, kentsel ve yarı kentsel alanlarda dar gelirlilerin konut sorununun çözümüne yönelik, dünyada ve yurdumuzda günümüze kadar geliştirilip, uygulanan politikalar ele alınmakta ve mimarın bu politikalar içindeki rolü irdelenmektedir. Tezin 1. Bölümünde, konuya giriş yapılarak, tezin amacı, içeriği, önemi ve izlenen yol açıklanmıştır. 2. Bölümde, konut ve toplu konut kavramları tanımlanmış, konut gereksinmesi ve talebini açığa çıkaran faktörlerle, konut sorununun nedenleri ortaya konulmuştur. 3. Bölümde, dünyada mevcut iki ekonomik sistem olan, kapitalizm ve sosyalizmin konuta bakış açılarıyla, bu iki sistemde izlenen genel konut politikaları kısaca ele alınmıştır. 4. Bölümde, dünyada dar gelirliler için geliştirilen konut politikaları, içerisinde en önemlileri anlatılmıştır. Bu politikalar aşağıdaki gibi özetlenebilir:. Sosyal Konut Politikası. Toplu Konut Politikası. Kendi Evini Yapana Yardım Politikası. Mevcut Yerleşimlerin Sağlıklaştırmasına Yönelik Politikalar Bu politikaların yanı sıra dar gelirlilerin konut edinmesinde dolaylı katkısı bulunan politikalar da bölümün kapsamına alınmıştır. Son olarak çeşitli gelişmekte olan ülkelerdeki uygulamalar ortaya konulmuştur. 5. Bölümde, Türkiye'de Cumhuriyetin kuruluşundan günümüze kadar olan dönem, gerek planlı, gerekse plansız kalkınma dönemleri, ayrıntılı olarak ele alınarak, devletin uyguladığı konut politikalarının genel bir kritiği yapılmıştır. 6. Bölümde ise, dar gelirlilerin konut sorununun çözümüne yönelik politikalar içinde mimarın aldığı rol ortaya konulmaktadır, özellikle dar gelirlilerin konut sorununun sadece konut sayısının az oluşundan kaynaklanmadığı, yeterli konut olsa bile bu konutların niteliğinin de çok büyük önem taşıdığı vurgulanmaktadır. Bununla ilgili yapılan çalışmalar anlatılmakta ve konut politikalarının hem nitelik hem de nicelik yönünden başarılı olmasında mimar kullanıcı birlikteliğinin öneminden söz edilmektedir. Sonuç ve öneriler bölümde ise, dar gelirlilerin konut sorununun çözümü için ortaya konulan konut politikalarının başarıya ulaşmasında önemli görülen sonuçlar ve öneriler anlatılmaktadır. vuıSUMMARY HOUSING POLICIES AND ARCHITECTS ROLE IN URBAN AND SEMI-URBAN AREAS FOR LOW-INCOME FAMILIES Housing has been, and is continuing to be, one of the very essential needs of human being in all eras since its birth up to now. However, fast increasing population and the lack of providing enough economical development, with urbanizing at a great pace, bring deficiency in housing largely in most parts of the world, in both urban and semi-urban areas. Even though housing problem, born as a result of the deficiency in housing and the inability to meet this need, effects all parts of the society, it, especially, effects the low income families in financial straits even much more. Putting forward the policies offered in order to solve the housing problem for the low- income people, examining the studies both in Turkey and all over the world, and architect's role in these studies as a man of a professional career are aimed within the scope of this thesis. Thesis is consisting of six main sections. Section 1 This is the introduction section. In this section is the problem being putting forward and the approach to the problem is determined. Section 2 In the second section, the concepts, housing and collective housing are defined. The differences between the need of housing and demand for housing are put forward and the reasons which cause the housing problem come to existence are described. The need of housing usually comes into existence by one, more, of the following factors' getting together:. Increase in population,. Urbanization,. Migration from rural areas to urban areas,. Socio-cultural differentiation,. Natural disasters,. Falling down of the old buildings,. Expropriation. IX
Özet (Çeviri)
SUMMARY Housing has been, and is continuing to be, one of the very essential needs of human being in all eras since its birth up to now. However, fast increasing population and the lack of providing enough economical development, with urbanizing at a great pace, bring deficiency in housing largely in most parts of the world, in both urban and semi-urban areas. Even though housing problem, born as a result of the deficiency in housing and the inability to meet this need, effects all parts of the society, it, especially, effects the low income families in financial straits even much more. Putting forward the policies offered in order to solve the housing problem for the low- income people, examining the studies both in Turkey and all over the world, and architect's role in these studies as a man of a professional career are aimed within the scope of this thesis. Thesis is consisting of six main sections. Section 1 This is the introduction section. In this section is the problem being putting forward and the approach to the problem is determined. Section 2 In the second section, the concepts, housing and collective housing are defined. The differences between the need of housing and demand for housing are put forward and the reasons which cause the housing problem come to existence are described. The need of housing usually comes into existence by one, more, of the following factors' getting together:. Increase in population,. Urbanization,. Migration from rural areas to urban areas,. Socio-cultural differentiation,. Natural disasters,. Falling down of the old buildings,. Expropriation. IXSection 3 In third section, general tendencies formed all over the world and general housing policies developed and applied for this goal in both socialist and capitalist countries are mentioned. Countries' political regimes have been considerably a dominant element in the emergence of the housing policies of this country. Different economic systems, formed after political regime, have played an important role in emergence of different housing policies. However, whatever the economic system is, peoples' need of housing has been, and is still, forming a problem in every country. While in capitalist regimes, the individuals are provided with legal regulations and financial supports in order to make them have a residence, in socialist system is put on display a policy which is based on public's property ownership and in which the production and the assignment of the residences are made by state. In capitalist system, governments, by taking precautions in order to make individual's resources go into action and making financial regulations to make it easy to own a residence, have developed policies which provide for the housing problem be solved by the individuals as much as possible. Thus, fundamental housing policies in the first stages in capitalist systems were aimed at forming the finance mechanism and helping this mechanism operate. In general, housing finance systems are gathered under four groups from the point of view of the transfer of the funds from the people who are saving to the people who want to borrow:. Direct Route Finance System. Contractual Route System. Deposit Financing System. Mortgage Banking System It is observed in socialist countries that any kind of policy is formed by the state, and any kind of housing production is made by public without considering any profit or something like it. However, this situation brings about a considerable resource prodigality by lessening the profitability and becomes a burden to that country's economy. In addition to this, not taking personal demands into consideration because the prototype residence production is the one at an extensive level due to the equality principle, increases individual's unsatisfied mood. However, it has recently been observed that in these countries the said situation has started to change a great deal and some regulations, too, have been made relating to private ownership. Section 4 In this section, the policies both applied in the past and being applied at present in developing countries in order to make the low-income people own a residence are discussed. The policy alternatives, regarded as important in order to make low-income people own a residence, which have been implemented in most of the countries in theworld, and from which positive or negative results taken because of various reasons are as followings:. Social Housing Policy,. Collective Housing Policy,. Squatter Upgrading Policy,. Self-Help Housing Policy. It is also useful to examine other public policies which make it easier for both low- income people and other classes in the society to own a residence:. Policies Aimed at Building Plot and Production of building Plot,. Zoning Policies,. Policies Aimed at Housing Standarts,. Finance Policies,. Tax Policies,. Policies Aimed at The Encouragement of Building Materials Industry. Section 5 In this section, evolution of the housing policies developed and applied by public in Turkey are described relating to the political periods. At first, the policies applied during the formation period of the republic and the period till 1960s are examined. In this period it is observed that only in Ankara was there the housing problem. After 1960s, a development model based on Development Plans were followed:. First Five-Year Plan (1 963-1 967). Second Five-Year Plan (1 968-1 972). Third Five-Year Plan (1 973-1 977). Fourth Five-Year Plan (1 979-1 983). Fifth Five-Year Plan (1 985-1 989). Sixth Five-Year Plan (1 990-1 994). Seventh Five-Year Plan (1996-2000) It is observed that there had been an increase in housing problem of low income people after 1960s. The reasons behind this were industrialization and the emigrates from rural areas to urban areas. After the emigration movement, the housing problem, especially seen in big cities, had brought illegal housing along. It is also observed that all the precautions taken and all the policies applied had failed due to various reasons. Section 6 In this section is the role taken by architect in the housing policies developed for low income people determined. It takes a long time to apply a policy into life developed by the government to solve the housing problem of low income people. This period consists of some stages: XI. Analyze/ Policy,. Determining Strategy,. Planning,. Design,. Application,. Appreciation/ Feed Back,. Estimating The Future. Architect in the stages of design and construction in this period, takes role in order to meet the user's need of qualified housing. However, there becomes some problems between the user and the architect. These problems can be summarized as following:. Cultural disparity between the user and the architect, for this reason architect reflects his values to the designs.. Designs' meeting the physiological needs rather than psychological and social ones.. As a result of content problems' reaching to a high extend, ignoring of quality problem. In order to solve such problems, it is advised that user's participation in design be increased. Results and Proposals First of all it is urgent to make comprehensive studies relating to the solutions for the reasons of housing problem. It is urgent to make studies about the population explosion in rural and urban areas and creating new job opportunities in rural areas, to make the life standard in rural areas close to that of urban areas and to lessen the emigration movement to the urban areas. This study is aimed at preventing to confront new housing problems in the future. the solution to the housing problem of low income people depends basically on the application of the two studies mentioned above and also the application of the policies relating to this in a comprehensive way. The fact that the public resources are limited also effects feasibility of these policies in a direct way. At this point, it is extremely important that the public should create the essential resourse to solve the housing problem of low income people and should be decided to make financial regulations and should not compare with the other sectors' investments. And then social, cultural, architectural, technological, financial regulations should be tackled as a whole in order to make low income people live in qualified residences. Belowed are seen the proposed policies and architect's essential roles in these policies in order to make low income people own adequate, and qualified of course, residences:. Rent housing and social housing production policies can be chosen by the undertaking of the public and the foundations for thr group at the lowest level without a regular income, in this application at the design stage, it can also be make possible to solve the quality problem of the residences, ehich will be built, by making the user and architect together. XH. Within the scope of selp-help housing policy, even though it is occasionally the group with a regular, but also low income and who may build squatter's house can be given financial and building plot and construction support. These people who get the mentioned supports -in order to build qualified residences- should be obliged to work with architects at the design and construction stages.. Worker and officals who work at public or private sector and for whom it is almost impossible to own a residence in present system can de given long-dated loans. This loans can be used for the cooperatives which will be built. In this collective housing production, too, user's participation in design is urgent from the point of view of user's satisfaction.. By carrying out studies relating to the maintaining squatter's houses, by providing with social equipment etc. and by implementing the policies mentioned above constructing new squatter's house should be made lose its attraction for the public. It is clear that these policies will mean nothing by themselves. For this reason, these proposed policies should be carried out together as a whole, should be supported with the studies aimed at the production of new building plot and removing the breaucratic obstacles and with financial and social policies as well. XlllBÖLÜM 1 GİRİŞ Barınma, varoluşundan günümüze, tüm devirlerde, insanoğlunun en temel gereksinmelerinden biri olmuştur, olmaya da devam etmektedir. Barınma gereksinimi, ilkel cağlarda mağara ve basit kulübeler aracılığıyla karşılanmaktayken, günümüz modern yaşamında bu işlevi insanın gerek psiko-sosyal, gerekse fiziksel ihtiyaçlarına cevap veren modern konutlar üstlenmektedir. Ancak hızlı nüfus artışı ve yeterli ekonomik gelişmenin sağlanamaması, hızlı kentleşmeyle biraraya gelerek, dünyanın bir çok bölgesinde, kentsel ve yarı kentsel alanlarda büyük miktarlara varan konut açığını da beraberinde getirmektedir. Konut açığı ve bu açığın kapatılamaması sonucu oluşan konut sorunu, genelde tüm toplum kesimlerini etkilemesine karşın, özellikle finansman sıkıntısı içindeki dar gelirlileri, orta ve üst gelir grubuna oranla çok daha fazla etkilemekte, insanoğlunun en temel gereksinimi olan barınma ihtiyacının bile karşılanmasını imkansız hale getirmektedir. Bu nedenle dar gelirlilerin konut sorununun çözümü büyük önem taşımaktadır. Bu gerçeğin anlaşılmasıyla, bir çok ülkede hükümet bazında, dar gelirlilerin konut sorununu çözmeye yönelik politikaların oluşturulması, gerekli yasal ve finansal düzenlemelerin yapılması yoluyla sorunun çözümlenmesi öngörülmüştür. Ne yazıktır ki, günümüzde Türkiye dahil dünyanın pek çok ülkesinde izlenen politikaların yetersiz kaldığı dar gelirlilerin konut sorununun hala çözülemediği gözlenmektedir. Bu nedenle bu tez kapsamında öncelikle sorunun çözümüne yönelik dünyadaki yeni politika ve eğilimlerin ortaya konulması, daha sonra mimann ve mimarlığın bu politikalar içindeki rolünün belirlenmesi ve Türkiye bazında bir takım sonuçlar çıkarılması hedeflenmektedir. Bu amaçla tez çalışmasında Öncelikle, sorununun nedenleri üzerinde durulmaktadır. Daha sonraki bölümlerde sırasıyla dünyada ve Türkiye'de şimdiye
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