Peyzaj uygulamalarında sınırlayıcı elemanların kullanımı ve İstanbul çevre düzenlemelerindeki sınırlayıcı elemanların araştırılması

The use of boundary elements in the applications of landscape and the search of boundary elements in the landscape of İstanbul

Tez No: 66548
Yazar: ZEHRA ULUER
Danışmanlar: PROF. DR. AHMET CENGİZ YILDIZCI
Tez Türü: Yüksek Lisans
Konular: Şehircilik ve Bölge Planlama, Urban and Regional Planning
Anahtar Kelimeler: Belirtilmemiş.
Yıl: 1997
Dil: Türkçe
Üniversite: İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi
Enstitü: Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü
Ana Bilim Dalı: Şehir ve Bölge Planlama Ana Bilim Dalı
Bilim Dalı: Peyzaj Planlama Bilim Dalı
Sayfa Sayısı: 257

Özet

ÖZET Tez çalışması kapsamında, peyzaj uygulamalarında sınırlayıcı elemanların kullanımı ve İstanbul çevre düzenlemelerindeki sınırlayıcı elemanların araştırması yapılmıştır. Beş bölümden oluşan çalışmada aşağıda belirtilen konulara yer verilmiştir. Birinci bölümde, sınırlama olgusunun doğuşu ve sınırlayıcı elemanların kullanım amaçlan kısaca anlatılmıştır. İkinci bölümde, sınırlayıcı elemanların tarihi gelişimi, ilk çit oluşumundan bu güne kadar olan gelişmeler şeklinde verilmiştir. Üçüncü bölümde, sınırlayıcı elemanların kullanımındaki temel amaçlar, sınırlayıcı elemanların fiziksel özellikleri ve sınırlayıcı elemanların nitelikleri ayrıntılı olarak ele alınmıştır. Dördüncü bölümde, sınırlayıcı elemanların sınıflandırılması yapılmıştır. Cansız sınırlayıcı elemanlar olarak duvarlar, çitler, bahçe kapılan ve canlı sınırlayıcı elemanlar olarak bitkiler hakkında bilgiler verilmiştir. Ayrıca sınırlayıcı elemanlar işlevine, malzemesine ve biçimine göre de alt gruplara ayrılarak çeşitli şekil ve detaylarla konu ele alınmıştır. Bu bölümde diğer sınırlayıcı elemanların kullanımı ve elemanların birarada kullanımları hakkında da bilgiler verilmiştir. Beşinci bölümde, özel mülkiyette ve kamu mülkiyetinde kullanılan sınırlayıcı elemanların araştırılması amacı ile yapılan anket çalışmasına yer verilmiştir. Bu çalışmanın amacı ve kapsamı belirtilmiş, anket sonuçlan yüzdeleme metodu kullanılarak tablolar halinde sunulmuştur. Tez son bölümdeki sonuçlar ve öneriler ile neticelendirilmiştir. Ayrıca ekler bölümün de, İstanbul çevre düzenlemelerinde kullanılan sınırlayıcı elemanlar, özel ve kamu mülkiyetinde kullanılan sınırlayıcı elemanlar olarak ikiye ayrılmış ve çeşitli fotoğraflarla bu elemanlara örnekler verilmiştir. xviii

Özet (Çeviri)

The thesis includes use of boundary elements in the applications of landscape and the search of boundary elements in the landscape of Istanbul. Summary of the study that consists of five parts is given below. The aims of using boundary elements in the applications of landscape are to determine the borders of the application area, to supply privacy, to control the environmental properties such as shelter and noise, sunlights and wind. The ways of using the areas determine the boundary too, that is, the functional property in the area shapes the boundary. Today, use of the boundary elements also strengthens the aesthetics. Concept of boundary and use of boundary elements emerged from a variety of aims and thoughts. With the concept of property in particular, use of boundary elements spread. As the first fences are formed naturally by the twist of the shoots and branches, the pale fences are put round the new fields that are opened. Then the fences are made up of by plaiting the thorny branches and linking the cutting of the branches together. Thus, the fields planted by the people who come from the same generation and live in the same village are enclosed. Living fences, however have more permanent quality and they appeared when the private property is adopted. Until the 20tn century, ditch, heap of stones or simple stone walls are used as the primary barries that enclose a field in which the plants can not be used as the construction materials. In the course of the time, different kinds of boundary elements were used according to the various functional and aesthetic necessities and they are still being used. Either the aim of the boundary is visual or functional, the vertical boundary elements in the space are perceived with the sence of form and space. Because of its functional aspect, boundary elements have certain physical qualities. The effect of the boundary elemets with respect to the visual and functional aspects, depends on its pyhsical value, proportion, form and weigth. Measure has a primary function in the plan and detail of the boundary elements. Plannning of the elements which enclose the outer space on the eye level and do not exceed 180 cm. length gives quite positive result. The width of the element which is going to be planned is important too. The width of the boundary element can be 15-20 cm. in the small areas and 2-3 m. in the large areas as screen planting. In short, the measure of barrier which is going to be used in a planning must be chosen carefully. The most important point in this choise is the appropriateness to the measure of man. In wide areas high boundary, and in small and narrow areas low boundary create more convenient measurement. Giving dimension to the boundary elements is an important as giving them weight and block. The block and weight of XIXthe boundary element can be either built by light materials which adopts themselves to nature easily or it can be heavy block construction that has different functions. There must be an integrity in the plan of any space for visual perception. In other words, there must be a proportion between the boundary elements and the structural elements of landscape that are going to be used in the area. What is important is the suitability of the landscape of the area to the architecture of the building. Using similar materials, details and plants all together in hormony is necessary. Selection of the boundary elements in landscape studies is important. The boundary elements can be divided into two groups as living and non-living elements. There is permanence in the measurement, form, color and texture of the non-living elements ( walls, fences, gates, barriers etc ). On the other hand, plants are among the dynamic elements of landscape thanks to their changeable quality. We meet many non-living boundary elements in daily life. When they are used together it's possible to get their aesthetic and functional results rapidly. Non-living boundary elements are more often used in order to get definite visual and functional results in short time. Walls are the most widespread of non living boundary elements. They are divided into three groups according to their functions as free-standing walls, screen walls and retaining walls. They are divided according to their shapes as high walls, middle walls, and low walls. Finally they are grouped as stone, brick, concrete and briquet walls according to their materials. It is an old application to use stone in the landscape studies. Walls, made of stone are widely used due to their visual and carrier functions. Dry stone walls, rough stone walls, hewn stone walls and covered walls are the kinds of stone walls that are shaped differently. Brick walls have an effective view in space with their color and texture, whereas concrete walls are preferred because they are resistant to outher effects and they are cheaper than the other materials. These walls can be built by special moulds through giving them some patterns or textures. Briquet walls, however, are used in temporary buildings because of their uneffective view. Being one of the members of non-living boundary elements, fences are widely used.Especially metal and wooden materials are preferred in fencing. Fences need a small area for boundary, they supply rapid and effective boundary, they are easily made and they can be applied to a variety of plants, heights and configurations. Having all these properties, fences are used in both rural and urban areas. Fences are grouped as protective fences ( fences that protect children, animals, private fences, pool fences ) wind, noise, sun control and view hiding fences. Fences are grouped according to their materials as wooden, metal, concrete and plastic fences. Of all the fences wooden and metal are the most popular ones. The reason why wooden fences are very offen used in the landscape applications is that it makes the best harmony with the elements of green construction. Wooden fences can be constructed in very different shapes. The main problem for them is deterioration due to the outher effects. In order to prevent deterioration, fences must be reinforced by protective materials. Metal is the most widely used material of fences. It is used as metal fence, metal bar or wire fence. Metal fences take up little space in the parks or gardens for they are not very voluminous. These fences are important for places which have visual beauties because they give the possibility of XXIn the additional part to visualize these explanations some photographs are given about the boundary elements that are used in the private and public properties belonging to the landscape of Istanbul. The photographs include some boundary elements such as wall, fence, garden gate, plant fence, barrier and traffic barriers. XXlllIn addition, plants have the functions of protection as wind screen and preventation of the negative effects of the sun as sun screen. They are also used in visual boundary for hiding the ugly objects or for directing the eyes to a certain point. Plants are grouped according their sizes as trees, shrubs and ground covers. Shrubs and trees are used for the aim of boundary. Trees are used in broad areas whereas shrubs are used for enclosing the small areas. These boundary elements are grouped according to the types of leaves as neddle and leafed trees. Plants can be used in a space depending upon their types, sizes and compactness. Having made of plants, the fences are grouped according to their functions as park and garden fences and field fences. The former keep the parks and gardens from dust, wind and noise, also day supply privacy. These fences are put straight and they are put in one or double row. The park and garden fences are divides as formal and informal fences. The formal fences rise like a green wall, smooth and straight. They don't take up a lot of space in the garden and they are pruned minimum two times in a year. They are used in the landscape foundations which are formally arranged and they are used round the architectural foundations. The informal fences, like the formal ones are put straight, in one ore double row but they are not pruned. That is why they take up a lot of space. The fences which have beautiful flowers and fruits are used as informal fences. Field fences on the other hand, are used for enclosing the fields, fruit and vegetable gardens. Therefore, thorny and tall trees and shrubs are chosen for the field fences. They are usually put in one row and they have informal appearance because they are not pruned. Apart from being used as living and non-living elements, it is possible for the boundary elements to be used together in order to supply more effective functional and visual boundary. These combination are used especially for screening. There are three types of combinations to be used in different conditions; berm and planting, berm and fence, fence and planting. Because of their visual effects the fence and planting combinations are most the popular methods. The summary of the first four parts is given above. The fifth part involves a questionnaire about the boundary elements which are used in the landscape of Istanbul. The results of the questionnaires made with the owners of the private property and the users in the public areas are given in charts. The results of the questionnaire made with the owners of private property in Levent and the users in Ulus and Maçka parks are as follows. Most of the users have preferred using living and non-living elements. Wall and plant usages are preferred in private properties whereas wood and plant usages are preferred in public properties. The users want to benefit from the boundary elements in terms of safety and security. The users are careful about the resistance and aesthetics of the boundary elements. The boundary elements used in İstalbul's landscape are evaluated as fine and good. The land of the boundary elements are changes according to their functions but most of the users to when we talked prefer using maximum 1.5 meter length of boundary elements for gardens and parks. The users generally pay attention to the boundary elements and the owners of the private property investigate about them. Finally, using metal garden gates for security and application of seperate entries for pedestrians and vehicles are preferred. XXllIn the additional part to visualize these explanations some photographs are given about the boundary elements that are used in the private and public properties belonging to the landscape of Istanbul. The photographs include some boundary elements such as wall, fence, garden gate, plant fence, barrier and traffic barriers. XXlll

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