Deri endüstrisi atıksularının ardışık kesikli reaktör ile arıtılması
Başlık çevirisi mevcut değil.
- Tez No: 66769
- Danışmanlar: PROF. DR. OLCAY TÜNAY
- Tez Türü: Yüksek Lisans
- Konular: Çevre Mühendisliği, Environmental Engineering
- Anahtar Kelimeler: Belirtilmemiş.
- Yıl: 1997
- Dil: Türkçe
- Üniversite: İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi
- Enstitü: Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü
- Ana Bilim Dalı: Çevre Mühendisliği Ana Bilim Dalı
- Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
- Sayfa Sayısı: 69
Özet
ÖZET Çalışmamızın konusu, deri endüstrisi atıksulannda Ardışık Kesikli Reaktör prosesinin uygulanmasıyla gerçekleşen arıtma veriminin belirlenmesidir. Bunun için, konvansiyonel aktif çamur proseslerine oranla henüz çok yeni bir sistem olan Ardışık Kesikli Reaktörlerle ilgili geniş bir literatür araştırması yapılmıştır. Yapılan literatür çalışmasıyla AKR sistemlerinin teknolojik ve dizayn esasları, dizayn parametreleri, uygulandığı alanlar ve AKR sistemi uygulanan evsel ve endüstriyel atıksuların bu yöntemle arıtılabilirliği konulan araştırılmıştır. Literatür bilgileri ışığında, deri endüstrisi atıksuları için uygun bir Ardışık Kesikli Reaktör sistemi dizayn edilmiştir. Sistemin KOI giderimini ve arıtma performansını belirlemek için reaksiyon süreleri ve uygulanan organik yüklemeler değiştirilerek üç ayrı işletme şartı altında, üç adımdan oluşan bir deneysel çalışma düzeni gerçekleştirilmiştir. Aerobik şartların sağlandığı 8, 12 ve 24 saatlik çevrimlerde sırasıyla; 1.45, 1.22 - 0.38 ve 0.39 kg KOI/ kg UAKM.gün oranlarında organik yüklemeler yapılmışta. Yapılan deneysel çalışmaların sonuçlan sistemin antma performansının yüksek olduğunu göstermiştir. Karmaşık yapıdaki deri endüstrisi atıksulannm karakteri çalışmalar sırasında değişkenlik göstermiş ve böylelikle çeşitli durumlarda sistemin performansı değerlendirilmiştir. Yüksek organik yüklemelerde verimliliğin arttığı görülmüştür. Çıkış KOI konsantrasyonu ve organik yüklemeler, literatürde incelenen AKR prosesleri uygulamalarındaki değerlerle ve alman sonuçlarla karşılaştınldığında, elde edilen antma performansının bu değerlere yakın olduğu görülmüştür. İşletim kolaylığı ve esnekliği, dizayn alternatiflerinin çokluğu gibi pekçok avantaja sahip bulunan AKR sistemlerinin, kuvvetli yapıdaki deri endüstrisi atıksulannm arıtılmasında başanyla uygulanmasının mümkün olduğu sonucuna varılmıştır. ıx
Özet (Çeviri)
SUMMARY The aim of this study, is to research the treatment performance and COD removal efficiency of Sequencing Batch Reactors which applied to leather tannery wastewater. In our country and the whole world, treateability of the high strength wastewater produced from leather tannery industry is a very important subject for pollution control. Because of the composition of the tannery wastewater, it is very hard to determine the optimum treatment method. Tannery wastewater are composed of high organic matter and high concentration of chrome, sulphur, oil - gres, NH4 - N and SS. The complex structure of the wastewater results operational problems. Because of these reasons, the treatment method that will be applied to the leather tannery wastewater must have high treatment performance and do not cause any operational problem. Conventional activated sludge systems results some operational problems and do not have any flexibility in operation. To treat high strength wastewater by continous treatment systems long aeration times and too large aeration volumes are needed as a result. On the other hand, a new biological activated sludge treatment system, Sequencing Batch Reactors became popular for the last 5-6 years. Although they are generally applied to domestic wastewater, for the last years the treateability of the high strentgh industrial wastewater by Sequencing Batch Reactors being studied frequently. Technological characteristics, design and operional parameters are being still searched for SBRs. In this study, a wide range of literature research has been made about the SBRs which are yet a new treatment technology considered to conventional activated sludge processes. Researches have been done are about the basics of the Sequencing Batch Reactor techonology, design parameters, the areas that SBRs are applicable and the treateability of the domestic and industrial wastewater by Sequencing Batch Reactors. The operational flexibility of the Sequencing Batch Reactor system is an advantage to treat high strength wastewater. Also, it is possible to control the operational parameters according to the characteristics of the raw wastewater. Some other advantages of Sequencing Batch Reactors can be listed as follows;- In an Sequencing Batch Reactor system there is no need for a equalization unit, because in the SBR unit the wastewater flow is naturally equalized during the fill time - If desired the wastewater can be holded in the reactor for longer periods to ensure the required discharge limits. In operation, the cycle and the aeration periods can be increased or decreased according to the required treatment efficiency and the characteristics of influent wastewater flow. - No sludge wash - outs occurs by hydraulic surges, because they can be held in the tank as long as neccessary. - Because of the settle, fill, react and dicharge periods takes place in the same unit no separate sedimentation tank is needed. Therefore there is no need for sludge recycle. - Solid and liquid separation occurs under nearly quiscent conditions. - Filamentous growth can be easily controlled by varying the operating strategies during fill. - A Sequencing Batch Reactor can be operated to achieve nitrification, denitrification or phosphorus removal without chemical addition. - Sequencing Batch Reactor culture is capable of processing a greater quantity of substrate at a greater rate than is possible in a conventional continous - flow systems. In the literature, examples of Sequencing Batch Reactor treatment applications on different kinds of industrial and domestic wastewater are examined. Most of the chosen examples are the studies that are done about the treatment of high strength wastewater produced from the palm - oil refinery, papermill industry, honey and shrimp processing plants, petrochemical industry, landfill leachate, septage and domestic wastewater. But only one Sequencing Batch Reactor study on leather tannery wastewater treatment is found. Organic Loading Rates, cycle times, phases and operational parameters are examined and COD removal efficiencies are determined in each case study. Under the light of literature knowledge, a suitable SBR process have been designed to treat leather tannery wastewater. Changing the operational conditions and the reaction time COD removal efficiency of the SBR process is determined. The total reactor volume was 8 It. ad the effective working volume was 2 and 3 It. Reactor was made up of plexiglass material and had a diameter about 15 cm. In each stage FELL, REACT, SETTLE and DRAW phases are operated with timers. Reactor feeding and dicharge of effluent is done by two peristaltic pumps. Excess sludge is withdrawn solenoid valve. Air is given to the reactor with diffusors maintained on the reactor base and a mechanical mixer is used for complete mixing. XIThe characteristics of the wastewater used in the experimental work is shown in Table 1. The wastewater was pre-sedimentation tank effluent and was a composition of different subcategories of leather proccessing plants. Table.1 Characteristics Of Leather Tannery Wastewater COD removal efficiency of SBR is determined by a three - stage experimental work. The periods of the phases and the cycle times are shown in Table.2. In each stage fill, react, settle and draw phases are operated sequencingly. Table.2 Phases of SBR Fill and react periods are designed as aerobic phases and aeration and mixing equipment worked continuously. During settle all the equipments are stopped and ideal conditions are maintained for settling. Reactor effluent is withdrawn completely during the draw period. First Stage In the first stage, 8 hours cycle time is applied. The MLVSS in the reactor is determined to be between 3500 - 4060 mg/1. Average organic loading rate was 1.45 kgCOD / kg MLVSS.d. The average influent and effluent COD concentration was about 1650 - 1960 mg/1 and 278 - 475 mg/1, respectively. Although good COD removal efficiency is achieved, Suspended Solid removal was worse than the Xllexpected. Also S VI of the reactor sludge was measured and found to be 108 ml/g at the beginning of the first stage and 56 ml/g at the end. Although good settling characteristics of the sludge, colloidal distribution in the effluent resulted higher SS concentration. Second Stage In the second stage 12 hours cycle time is designed. F/M ratio was 1.22 and 0.38 kgCOD/kg MLVSS.d. During the experimental work influent wastewater characteristics are changed in a wide range and because of this reason two different organic loadings are applied in this stage. MLVSS concentration in the reactor was averagely 4370 - 4650 mg/1. Influent and effluent COD concentrations were 2600 - 150 and 298 - 412 mg/1, respectively. SVI is measured as 64 mg/1. Third Stage In the last stage the total cycle time was 24 hour. 0.39 kgCOD/kgMLVSS.d F/M ratio is applied. The reactor biomass concentration was about 4350 - 8620 mg/1. Influent COD concentration was between 2900 - 2983 mg/1 and in the effluent 471 - 559 mg/1 COD concentration is measured. Although long aeration time is applied the effluent COD concentration was too high than the expected. The reason for this may be the very high biomass concentration achieved in the reactor. The summary of the experimental results are shown in Table.3. Table.3 Experimental Results The experimental results and operational characteristics are compared with the literature examples of SBR process which applied to domestic and industrial wastewater. In conventional continue systems 0.1 kg COD/ kg MLSS organic loading rates are applied in order to treat high strength wastewater such as leather tannery wastewater. In the literature, organic loading of the SBR process which applied to leather tannery wastewater are higher than our application. In fact, the MLSS concentrations of that study is very higher than the biomass concentration of our system. The results of each cycle are found to be successful. Although the quality changes of the wastewater composition, the COD concentrations of the reactor effluent was good in each cycle. Also there was no operational problems xinsuch like sludge bulking or foaming. The COD removal efficiency of the cycles are about % 71.2 -86.7. The most important characteristics of the SBR process is the rapid substrate removal rates. Because of batch reaction the microorganisms are fed for a certain period of time. In And then, after the reaction period because of no substrate feed applied until the beginning of the fill time. F/M ratio and the microorganism concentrations are changed over the cycle time. Substrate removal rates of the biomass are higher than the continue systems because of this reason. As a result, SBR technology having operational flexibility and so many advantages as mentioned above is a very economic and successful process and have enough capacity to treat high strength industrial wastewater. xiv
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