Konutlarda yıllık enerji ihtiyacının modellenmesi
Başlık çevirisi mevcut değil.
- Tez No: 66818
- Danışmanlar: PROF. DR. AHMET ARISOY
- Tez Türü: Yüksek Lisans
- Konular: Enerji, Energy
- Anahtar Kelimeler: Belirtilmemiş.
- Yıl: 1997
- Dil: Türkçe
- Üniversite: İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi
- Enstitü: Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü
- Ana Bilim Dalı: Enerji Ana Bilim Dalı
- Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
- Sayfa Sayısı: 84
Özet
ÖZET Binalarda yıllık enerji ihtiyacının belirlenmesi, daha iyi tasarımlar yapabilmek, bina için uygun işletme stratejisini belirlemek ve bir takım standartları oluşturmak gibi konularda faydalı olacaktır. Bina kütlesinin ısı depolama kapasitesini göz önüne alan dinamik modeller gerçeğe çok daha yakın sonuçlar vermektedir. Bu çalışmada ülkemizdeki konutlar için kullanılabilecek, dinamik modellemeye dayalı bir enerji simülasyon programı geliştirilmesi hedeflenmiştir. Yapılan program yalnız tek zon kabulü yapılabilen konutlarda ve ısıtma için kullanılabilmektedir. Program örnek bir takım bina ve ısıtma sistemlerine uygulanmış sonuçlar tablo ve grafik halinde düzenlenmiştir. Bu verilerden elde edilen ilk sonuç hem konfor şartlarının sağlanması hem de lüzumsuz yakıt sarfiyatının önlenmesi için bir otomatik kontrol sisteminin gerekliliğidir. Bunun yanı sıra ısıl direnç ve ataletleri farklı yapı malzemelerinin yakıt sarfiyatı ve iç ortam sıcaklığı üzerindeki etkileri gözlenmiştir. Kesintili veya tam gün çalışma gibi değişik işletme stratejilerinin etkisi gözlenebilmektedir. Böylece yakıt sarfiyatı ve konfor şartlan açısından en uygun durum tesbit edilebilmektedir. Kazan ve brülör kapasitelerinin lüzumsuz yere büyük seçilmesinin yakıt sarfiyatına etkisi gözlenmiş ve ortam sıcaklığım arttırmanın yakıt sarfiyatı olarak maliyeti incelenmiştir. V1U
Özet (Çeviri)
SUMMARY Building energy requirement estimatings are important for tree reasons. Design, economic optimisation and for defining some building standarts. There are two kind of energy estimating methods. Steady state and dynamic methods. Steady state models neglect the mass, in other word the heat capasity of the building. They suppose that the heat gain and the heat loss of the building is equal. In dynamic models the heat storage ability of the building mass is taken in care. Stady state methods are easy to use. Calculations are more simple and take less time but the results are less acurate.lt is possible to get more accurate results by using dynamic methods but they require more solution time. For that reason dynamic methods are generally used with computers. After the improvement of the computers dynamic methods began to be used widely instead of static methods. The effects of the radiative heat sources, like sun, lights or cooking items can be observed by only dynamic models. Because the absorption coefficient of air is be near zero so the radiative heat sources do not cause an increase in the temprature of the inner air directly. Radiation, comes from these kind of sources causes an increase in the temprature of the building mass. So if the suface temprature of the mass, like walls or other items inside, is higher than air temprature there is a heat transfer from them to air. If the temprature is smaller, the temprature increase of the surfaces prevents the high amount of heat loss from the inner air. So we can say that the radiation effects the inner air with a time lag. It is impossible to see this effect by the stady state models. There are two kinds of dynamic models. The first is more fundemental one, it is based on solving the main energy conservation equations. The equations are solved by analytic or numeric methods or by transfer functions.Transfer function method in ASHRAE can give an example to this method. The second method called weightig coefficients method is more easier but less acurate one. In this method heat gain or loss is calculated and the effect of the mass taken in care by some time lag coefficients. CLTD or TEAD/TA methods in ASHRAE are the examples of this method.In this study the first way is prefered. Differantial equations are established for the building and solved by finite difference method. Today it is possible to find lots of commercial energy estimating programs. But most of them do not give much importance to heating system, they generally specialized on cooling. Even the ones which include heating, make solutions for air or fan coil systems. It is very difficult to find programs for heating systems with radiators. But this case is the most existing and important one for Türkiye. In adition some of the assumptions and climatic data are not convinient to Türkiye' s conditions IXand it is not possible to change them by entering the program. Also they are so expensive to use for most of the people. Because of all these reasons it is decided to make an energy estimating computer program based on dynamic modelling for Türkiye. Program has tree parts, fist part is space load modeling. Second is system simulation part and the last one is heat supply model. This tree parts generaly exist in most of the energy programs. Some of them also have a forth part for economic analysis, but it is not existing in this program. The first part, space load modelling is the most important part. In this part heat losses are calculated by solving the main energy conservation equations. It is assumed that the building has only one zone and the inner temprature is the same in every where. Heat losses are the transmission loss from walls, roof and floor and infiltration loss from windows. Heat gains are radiation of the Sun, inner heat sources like people or cooking devices and the heat given to building by radiators. The shape below is shown a wall, roof or a floor. For calculating the heat loss or gain from the inner air, the temprature of the surface 1 must be known. For this the transmission equation for solids can be used. To S Qrl Td It2 dT = k d t p.Cp = 0 At Ax XIo.cv(Ax/2) >= _k_ + h, J_ >= _k_ + h At Ax At Ax p.cp(Ax/2) At r qs- qÇk ) Here Qd is the heat, stored in the system, qbr is heat flow at the burner, qs is system energy requirement and qÇk is heat loss of boiler while it is working. XlllEquation for stand by time of boiler is: td=Qd/(qs+qdk) qak is the heat loss of boiler while it is not working. After getting of the working and standing times the equations below for fuel consumption and boiler efficiency can be written as: B= tç.qbr/ (tç+td).Hu Eff=(tç+td).qs/tç.qbr The assumptions below are made for this study: 1- Building is assumed as one zoned. 2- Every mounth represents by a typical day which has the average tempratures of one mounth 3- Outer temprature, Sun radiation etc. are assumed to be constant for one hour. 4- Particles of the building like walls, floor, roof are assumed to be made from one homegeneous material. 5- Building is assumed to have a rectangular shape. 6- It is assumed that every side of the building is open and there is not any shade effect. Program applied to a sample building and took some results. Sample building jr floors and eight flats. Total area of one floor is 442 with a fuel oil burner. Boiler has a capasity of 80.000 kcal/h. 9 has four floors and eight flats. Total area of one floor is 442 m and there is a boiler The most important thing which is seen from the results is the essential of using a control system. The most efficient system is thermostatic valve control system. By using this control type it is possible to save 40 % of fuel. Outer air compansation device makes 30 % fuel economy. For to see the effect of building mass two building was compared. Both of buildings were made from the materials which have same thermal resistance but different densities. Results showed that effect of the mass of the building depends on the type of control system. For example there is not much fuel consumption difference between light and heavy buildings for the first control system. But there is about 10 % difference in fuel consumption when thermostatic valves are used, in adition to this saving in heavy building temprature fluctation during night is less than the light one. One of the other important thing is the management of the heating system. It is possible to get 10 % fuel saving by stopping the boiler during night. Also temprature drop is not much. Temprature drops to 17 °C maximum during night. xivEvery one degree increase in inner air temprature causes 10 % more fuel consumption. This is quite much amount. So it is very important even one degree. This sensitivity in setting the temprature makes thermostatic valves more valuable. As a conclusion for getting economy from energy it is very important to know the effects of all factors. This is possible by using dynamic modelling only.So it is very essential to develop this kind of software. XV
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