Mekanın algılama olgusu ve insan-hareket-zaman faktörlerinin etkisi
The fact of perception of space and the effects of human- movement-time factors
- Tez No: 66881
- Danışmanlar: PROF. DR. FERHAN YÜREKLİ
- Tez Türü: Yüksek Lisans
- Konular: Mimarlık, Architecture
- Anahtar Kelimeler: Belirtilmemiş.
- Yıl: 1997
- Dil: Türkçe
- Üniversite: İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi
- Enstitü: Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü
- Ana Bilim Dalı: Mimarlık Ana Bilim Dalı
- Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
- Sayfa Sayısı: 229
Özet
ÖZET Bu çalışmada, mekanın algılanma olgusu ele alınmış ve insan, hareket, zaman faktörlerinin, mekanın algılanmasına etkisi incelenmiştir. Birinci bölüm; konuya giriş niteliği taşımaktadır. ikinci bölümde, mimarlık ve mekan konusu ele alınmıştır. Mimarlık, boyutları ve mekanın tanımı üzerinde durulmuştur. Mekanın katı (objektif) ve yumuşak (sübjektif) yönleri incelenmiştir. Mekan; işlev, çevre koşulları, mekan türlerinin sınırları ve güncel gerçeğin mekanı (Experiencing Space) başlıklarında sınıflandırılmıştır. Qyncel gerçeğin mekanın, insanın içinde hareket ederek duyulan vasıtası ile algıladığı mekan olduğu böylelikle de duyuların ve hareket, zaman faktörlerinin insanın mekanı algılamasına etkisinin bulunduğu belirtilerek algılama konusuna giriş yapılmıştır. Üçüncü bölümde, mekan ve algılama konusu incelenmiştir.İnsanın algılama sistemi üzerinde durulmuştur. Mekanın algılanmasına etki eden; hareket, bakış açısı, zaman, ölçü ve ölçek, ışık etkenleri incelenmiştir. Dördüncü bölümde, mekanın algılanmasına insan hareketinin etkisi incelenmiştir. Sanatta, mimarlıkta insanın mekana bakış açısı, hareket ve zaman bağlamında ele alınmıştır. -Hareket eden insanın mekanı algılaması incelenmiş ve ikinci bölümde adı geçen insanın mekan sistemi (güncel gerçeğin mekanı) üzerinde detaylı olarak durulmuştur. Hafızanın mekan algısına etkisi ve hareket eden insanın zihninde oluşan mekanlar incelenmiştir. Hodolojik mekan üzerinde durulmuştur, insanların zihinsel şemaları, tercih ettikleri yollar ve mekanlarla ilgili anket çalışmaları yapılarak ekte sunulmuştur. Daha sonra, 'hareketi algılamak' üzerinde durularak insanın içinde hareket ettiği mekandan edindiği görüntülerin, hareketin ve mekanın algılanmasına etkisi tartışılmıştır. Bu görüntülerin insan üzerinde nasıl bir mekansal etki bırakacağı incelenmiştir. VI II
Özet (Çeviri)
SUMMARY In this study, the fact of perception of space and the effects of human, movement and time factors on this perception are analyzed. Chapter 1 is an introduction to the subject. In chapter 2, the subject“architecture and space”is defined. Architecture, its dimensions and the definition of space is reviewed. The hard (objective) and soft (subjective) aspects of space are examined. The instinct of protection, which all living creatures have, made people feel the necessity of a shelter. They wanted to hide themselves in something or stay under a covered place. So it is possible to say that architecture starts with the existence of man. Man had to design a structure and the way materials are used to make this structure, in order to make a place which will meet his necessities. During time, with the social and cultural change and with the development of technology, architecture had to meet new necessities. So, as a result of all these changes and developments architecture developed, too. Architecture and space can not be thought separately. Because architecture is a space which is prepared for a reason and designed for a function. Human and space have an intimate relationship. People live together with and live inside the space. It is possible for a person to perceive and shape the space. The opposite is possible also. That means; it is possible for a space to shape and effect the behaviour, movement and life of a person. The elements which make space exist and be perceived can be classified in three groups; 1.Voids and limits 2.Movement and time 3.Light Elements of voids are made up of dimensions as depth, length, etc. and of values as direction of movement, illumination, etc. Elements of limits can be classified into two groups; LHard (objective) elements 2.Soft (subjective) elements Hard (objective) elements can be defined as the visual elements of space. They are perceived by the characteristic of their colour, texture and form. Soft (subjective) elements can be defined as the elements which can only be perceived by senses. They are elements which create or qualify a space. Movement and time are very important elements for the perception of space. Space can only be experienced by the movement within it. For how long or at which time interval does a person perceive and his movement, all together effect his perception of that space. There are two kinds of movement; 1. Body movement 2.Visual movement IXLight is also very important for space to exist. Light makes it possible for people to see the colour, texture and form characteristics of a space. Space can be classified according to various ways; 1. Function 2. Environmental condition 3. Limits of space types 4. How it is perceived According to their function, the space types can be classified into three groups; 1. Linear 2.Concentric 3. Linear and concentric The linear spaces are mainly for passage. They can be straight, curved, spiral shaped, s - shaped, etc. They are characteristic in one way. The concentric spaces are where people sit down, rest or wait, etc. They are not characteristic in only one way. When the linear and concentric spaces unite, a third type of space developes. They can be spaces for passage where people can wait, rest, etc. According to their environmental condition, the space types can be classified into two groups; 1. Interior space 2. Exterior space Interior space can be defined as the inside of the building and exterior space can be defined as the outside of the building. These two spaces must be in integrity. When they come together they make a whole so they mustn't be isolated from eachother. People need to know where they are and they need to see the environment easily. They should't feel that they are confined in the building. According to their limits, the space types can be classified into four groups; 1.Closed space 2. Half open space 3.0pen space 4. Free space In closed space, the limits like walls separates the inside from the outside, compleately. There's no connection with the neighbourhood or the connection is reduced to a minimum. In half open space, the limits are interrupted so they can provide a connection with the outside. Open space have big openings to the outside or it has transparent limits which provide visual connection with the outside. In free spaces, there are no limits. The space is defined with furniture, balustrades, pavements, etc. According to 'how they are perceived', the space types can be grouped as following; 1. Physical space 2. Space of everyday reality Physical space can be defined as the three dimensional information given by the space. It consists of solid and hard (objective) elements. In space of everyday reality, the senses and perception are important. Everyone can understand samething from the physical space. But space of everyday reality changes from people to people. The components of space of everyday reality can be can be grouped as; 1.Space perceived visually2.Space perceived by touching 3. Space perceived by movement It is concluded that space of everyday reality is a space perceived by a person moving in that space with the help of his senses. Thus the effects of senses and movement - time factors on the perception of space should be examined. In chapter 3, space and perception are reviwed. The human perception system and the factors which effect the perception of space are examined. Perception is a process of learning from the environment with the help of the senses. Senses get messages from the environment for us. people sense and understand the stimuli coming from the environment. So perception can be called a mental process. Humans perceive in two steps; 1.To become aware by senses 2.To get knowledge by the help of mind Senses and mind work in totality while experiencing the space. People need to know where they are. If they can not perceive clearly or their perception of space is very complex, then a space concept can not occur in their minds and they can not know where they are. The factors which effect the perception of space can be classified into two groups; 1. Movement 2. Point of wiew 3.Time 4. Dimension and scale 5.Light As a person moves through a space each body, neck and eye movement sets the visual environment in motion. He can look up, look down, etc. and collect information from the environment. A perceived experience of a space is a sensual event involving movement. While passing through an environment, sensations and spatial impressions change. The point of vyew of the observer is also a very important which effect the perception of space. If the observation point changes the spatial perception will definately change. Also in some situations, the place of the observation point becomes an important factor. According to the place of the observation point, what people can see and what they can perceive can change. The reason for this is that, some surfaces can interrupt or hide the vision of others. The place of the observer with respect to the environment can be as follows; 1 The situation which the observer is below; the possibility of the elements to block eachother is very high. 2. The situation which the observer is on the same level with the elements of the space; the possibility of the elements to block eachother is lower. 3. The situation which the observer is on a higher level than the elements of the space; the possibility of the elements to block eachother is reduced to a minimum. The time factor which effect the perception of space can be classified into two groups; I.Time spent yn the space 2.The time between the two perceptions It ys necessary to live in a space to perceive it. To“live”can mean“to have different experiences”. Also people's past experiences and habits can effect their spatial perception. xtDimension and scale effect the perception of space. Dimensions define space and they are certain. But to perceive the dimensions is a relative concept. The scale defines the relationships between the dimensions. Light has also an important effect on the perception of space. The space can not be seen and can not be perceived without light. It's the light which gives three dimension to the space and objects. Light can be classified into two groups; 1. Natural light 2.Artifitîal light Light can change the spatial effect and the perception of space. It is concluded that all the factors which effect the perception of space prove the strong connection between perception and space. In chapter four, the effect of human movement on the perception of space is discussed. Space concepts in art and in architecture are examined from a point of view of movement and time. Also, space of everyday reality which has been reviewed in chapter 2 is examined in detail and discussed. The effect of memory on perception, hodological space and mental map are studied. A research has been done about mental maps, preferred paths and spaces. After that, perceiving movement and the effects of shifting images are studied. Movement through a space makes it perceivable. Even if the observer is motionless, the movement of a person, a vehicle or even an insect in a space will be perceived and that movement will produce a sense of space. The perception process of a person moving in a space is made up of four concepts; 1.The tube: It's a mental corridor which connects where you are now with where you have come from and where you are going to. 2. Sequences: They are the perception frames that are perceived in succession. 3.The binary: It relates to the pair of a corridor and a big space, where a balance is obtained by contrast of volume and activity (in that the corridor is mainly for passage). 4.Section - perspective: It's where you can imagine doing away with facades (see buildings in process of demolition). Hodological space develops after a process of connection of these four concepts. Hodological space can be defined as the space of possible movement. It includes concepts as goals, preferred paths, barriers. It ys intimately related with people's past experience, memory, beliefs, social contacts, aspirations, etc. The hodological space contains, defines, stimulates and even becomes the reason of movement. This movement can be towards a destination point that can be seen. Also it can be towards an unseen destination point in the observer's mental map. The mental map helps people perceive the space in detail. It can not be formed easily in a complex space so in this situation it will be hard to perceive that space. A research has been done about mental maps, preferred paths and spaces. The questions were about Tapkypla building and the space between Tapkypla building, AKM, Ystiklal street and Divan hotel. The conclusions are as follows; -The spaces and paths which are used often can be remembered easily and put in the map correctly. -People generally choose the shortest or the least energy demanding paths. In their choises the view, illumination, aesthetic qualities and habits play an important role. xu-The paths and spaces which they choose for excercise or for relaxation are generally the paths passing through court, or paths and spaces from which they can see the Venus statue, the pool, etc. Also these people expressed that their habits effected their choises. To be able to understand the effect of movement in the perception of space, 'how movement is perceived' should be studied. The factors which effect the perception of movement can be classified into three groups; 1 The perceived displacement 2. The perceived change in velocity 3.The perception time People perceive the changing images of their environment. They com bine these images and then they get a complete image of the space they are moving in. To perceive spatial impact is to understand the construction of the whole time - spatial relationships between the space defining elements. These scenes derived from the environment help us perceive the space. It is concluded the point of view and the behaviour of the observer are considered as the factors which effect the perception of space. Space behaviour is intimately connected with spatial perception. Also the space can orient people's movements so the perception of space effects the observer's behaviours. The spatial perception is not possible without movement and spatial impact is unimaginable without scene shifting. When the scenes unite, 'space' developes. So it is possible to say that the work of architect is to design how to bring these scenes and images together and to design the experience of human. In a way, architect makes a careography of the movement of the observer. The concept of space can be making this careography. If the space achieves to have a concept like this then it will achieve to have a character which will have an intimate relation with human. XIII
Benzer Tezler
- Kentsel mekan deneyiminde dijital manipülasyon
Digital manipulation in the experience of urban space
HİLAL KAHRAMAN
Yüksek Lisans
Türkçe
2023
Mimarlıkİstanbul Teknik ÜniversitesiMimarlık Ana Bilim Dalı
DOÇ. DR. DİLEK YILDIZ ÖZKAN
- Mekânsal deneyimde ses ve işitme olgusu: Zimoun örneği
The phenomenon of sound and hearing in spatial experience: The case of Zimoun
AYLİN YAMANDAĞ ÖNER
Yüksek Lisans
Türkçe
2022
İç Mimari ve DekorasyonAnadolu Üniversitesiİç Mimarlık Ana Sanat Dalı
DOÇ. ÖZGE KANDEMİR
- Doğa ve insan ilişkisine güncel sanat pratikleri içinden bakış
A look at the relationship between nature and human through contemporary art practices
YAREN TAN
Yüksek Lisans
Türkçe
2023
Güzel SanatlarAnkara Hacı Bayram Veli ÜniversitesiResim Ana Sanat Dalı
DOÇ. DR. HARİKA ESRA OSKAY
- Çocuk ve mekan
Child and space
FERYAL KOÇ
Yüksek Lisans
Türkçe
1999
Mimarlıkİstanbul Teknik ÜniversitesiMimarlık Ana Bilim Dalı
DOÇ. DR. SEMRA AYDINLI