Enerji kadastrosu
Energy cadastre
- Tez No: 676647
- Danışmanlar: PROF. DR. TAHSİN YOMRALIOĞLU
- Tez Türü: Yüksek Lisans
- Konular: Enerji, Jeodezi ve Fotogrametri, Energy, Geodesy and Photogrammetry
- Anahtar Kelimeler: Belirtilmemiş.
- Yıl: 2021
- Dil: Türkçe
- Üniversite: İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi
- Enstitü: Lisansüstü Eğitim Enstitüsü
- Ana Bilim Dalı: Geomatik Mühendisliği Ana Bilim Dalı
- Bilim Dalı: Geomatik Mühendisliği Bilim Dalı
- Sayfa Sayısı: 99
Özet
Günümüzde enerji tüketiminin hızla artması ve fosil yakıt rezervlerinin tükenebilir oluşu dünya genelinde önlem alınmasına ve bu kapsamda çalışmalar yapılmasına neden olmuştur. Özellikle kent alanlarında nüfus ve bina yoğunluğunun artması ile enerji tüketimi artmakta ve tüketimden kaynaklanan gaz emisyonları doğaya zarar vermektedir. Bu kapsamda, birçok ülkede öncelikle binaların enerji performansını belirlemek amacıyla enerji kimlik belgeleri üretilmeye başlanmıştır. Belgelerde binaların kullanım alanı başına düşen yıllık birincil enerji tüketimi ve yıllık sera gazı salınımı A-G arasında değişen bir referans ölçeğine göre sınıflandırılmaktadır. Dünya genelinde“Enerji Performans Sertifikası (EPC)”olarak anılan çalışmalar irdelenerek, nelere dikkat edildiği ve sahip oldukları veri tabanları açıklanmıştır. Enerji tüketimini ve çevreye olan zararları azaltmayı hedefleyen bu çalışmalar kullanıcıları özellikle yenilenebilir enerji kaynaklarını kullanıma teşvik etmeyi hedeflemektedir. Bu tez çalışmasında, enerji ihtiyacının artması ile yenilenebilir enerji kaynaklarına olan yönelim, enerji verimliliği ve tasarrufu sağlamak amacıyla binalar için hazırlanan“Enerji Kimlik Belgeleri (EKB)”ve enerji yönetiminde bu tür bilgilerin parsel bazlı kayıt altına alınmasını amaçlayan bir“Enerji Kadastrosu”na olan ihtiyaç irdelenmiştir. Yenilenebilir enerji kaynaklarını yüksek verimde kullanabilmek, bina enerji potansiyellerinin daha hassas belirlenmesi ve enerji yönetimi sağlayabilmek için 3-boyutlu verilerden yararlanarak oluşturulan kent modelleri üzerinden enerji üretim ve tüketim tahminlerinin yapıldığı, kullanıcılara uygun çözüm önerileri sunan ve enerji kimlik belgelerinin ilişkilendirildiği bir kadastral envanter modeli araştırılmıştır.“Güneş Kadastrosu”,“Çatı Kadastrosu”ve“Güneş Sicilleri”olarak adlandırılan sistemler incelenerek örnekler sunulmuştur. Bu sistemlerde kullanılan enerjinin ölçülmesi ve kayıt altına alınmasında gerekli olan veriler, arazi ölçüm teknikleri, uzaktan algılama teknikleri ile bina çatı ve cephelerinde ışınım analizleri yapılarak enerji potansiyeli belirleme aşamaları açıklanmıştır. Enerjinin kadastro parsel bazında kayıt altına alınması ve kat mülkiyeti ile ilişkilendirilmesi öngörülmüştür. Bu kayıtlar CBS ile desteklenerek yerel yönetimlerce enerji verilerini içeren kent modellerinin üretilebileceği, ülkemizin enerji potansiyelinin parsel bazlı belirlenmesi ve bu bilgilerin stratejik plan çalışmalarında dikkate alınması anlamında bir“Enerji Kadastrosu”na ihtiyaç olduğu sonucuna varılmıştır.
Özet (Çeviri)
Human beings need energy sources for their basic needs such as the continuation of life, nutrition, shelter and heating. Energy sources are available in different types in nature. While some energy sources are renewable in nature, some are limited and non-renewable. Therefore, energy sources are divided into two as renewable and non-renewable energy sources. Reasons such as population growth, misuse and natural destruction cause the rapid depletion of these resources. This situation poses a threat especially for the limited resources in nature like fossil resources. In addition to the rapid depletion of resources, nature is badly affected by these processes. Therefore, governments are looking for solutions to use non-renewable energy sources for a longer life and to minimize the damage to the environment. Especially in urban areas, with the increase in population and building density, energy demands are increasing day by day. The increase in energy consumption and the gas emissions caused by this consumption harm the environment. The fact that buildings are responsible for 40% of energy consumption and 36% of CO₂ emissions in the European Union required governments to work on this issue. Reducing these levels, decreasing energy losses and predicting energy demands are among the priority targets. Obtaining economic, clean and reliable energy has become essential for countries and the continuity of energy has become an important issue. For this reason, a certificate application has been started in which the energy performance and gas emissions of the buildings can be determined. The energy performance of the building is determined by an energy class according to a certain reference scale in documents that are often called“Building Performance Certificate”. Energy classes are determined between the letters A-G. The effects of factors such as area, design, climate and positioning on energy demand are taken into account when creating building energy classes. It is possible to access many important information such as the energy class according to the primary energy consumption of the building, the CO₂ emission class according to the final energy consumption, the greenhouse gas emission rate, the renewable energy usage rate, in the energy certificate. Therefore, with the start of issuing energy identity certificates, the precise determination of building potential has become a more important issue. Since the buildings have a certain volume and area, specific measurement techniques and mathematical solutions are needed. Moreover, various analyzes and calculations have become a necessity to benefit from the renewable energy sources used in buildings at the maximum potential. In this context, the sought solution is provided by the models and databases created by associating the cadastre and energy data. Energy management can be achieved thanks to the cadastre providing location and area data, protecting ownership and property rights, determining easement rights, and being multifunctional with geographic information systems. Spatial and temporal analyzes become possible with the models created by geographic information systems. Cadastre studies, especially for determining the energy potential in roof areas, are quite common. These studies, called“Solar Cadastre”and“Roof Cadastre”, are used in many countries such as Germany, Austria and France. In this thesis, all of these cadastral works will be mentioned as Energy Cadastre. With these studies, 3D measurements of roof areas and solar radiation analyzes are made, and solutions are offered by choosing the appropriate location for photovoltaic systems. In addition, the determination of the energy requirements of the buildings allows the determination of heating and hot water demands. There are studies conducted to determine the energy potential of not only roof areas but also building facades. It is desired to reduce energy losses to minimum levels by providing maximum benefit from buildings. In this context, remote sensing techniques are used to measure 3D data. Thanks to remote sensing techniques, digital elevation model, digital terrain model, orthophoto production, land use maps, 3D city models can be created. Solar radiation analyzes applied for building roofs and facades vary according to many factors such as time, location, height, latitude-longitude, sunshine duration, solar radiation. Many values such as seasonal differences, temperature, humidity and shading affect the radiation values. Geographical information systems allow the calculation of all these factors together with the data obtained by remote sensing techniques. Solar cadastre studies are generally carried out with WebGIS applications that provide ease of operation in an internet environment. Thanks to WebGIS, data layers can be created, processed, analyzed, interpreted, visualized and stored. Energy cadastre studies are generally presented by local authorities through a geoportal. It can query many data such as usage status, solar radiation, estimated PV system size, projected electricity production and storage status through these geoportals. In addition, users are encouraged by providing information about the benefits, cost calculations and savings of photovolvatic systems that are user and environmentally friendly. Additionally, being of great importance in terms of energy management and efficiency, it also has great contributions to the real estate sector. Thanks to the databases created from certificates, it can provide services to citizens and plays an important role in the preference of residences. In this thesis, the orientation towards renewable energy sources with the increase in energy need, the“Energy Performance Certificate (EPC)”prepared for buildings in order to provide energy efficiency and savings, and the“Energy Cadastre”, which aims to record such information in energy management on a property basis the need has been addressed. In order to use renewable energy sources with high efficiency, to determine building energy potentials more precisely and to provide energy management, a cadastral model in which energy production and consumption estimations are made through city models created by using 3-dimensional data, offering appropriate solutions to users and associated energy identity documents have been researched. Systems called“Solar Cadastre”,“Roof Cadastre”and“Solar Registries”were examined, and examples were presented. The data required for measuring and recording the energy used in these systems for inventory purposes, land measurement techniques, remote sensing techniques and radiation analyzes on the roofs and facades of the buildings are generated and the stages of determining the energy potential are explained. Turkey has the appropriate conditions for the energy cadastre in terms of sunshine duration. Compared to European countries, it is more advantageous in terms of geographical location and solar radiation. The cadastral works implemented in other countries were primarily started with building energy performance certificates. Energy performance certificate has also been made compulsory in Turkey. Buildings must have an energy identity document for purchase, sale and rental transactions. However, this mandatory document is not sufficient for the models and designs needed to determine the energy potential of the building. The cadastral studies and databases of other countries clearly show the importance of this issue. Energy performance certificate applications in Turkey should be improved. It is necessary to create a database supported by geographic information systems. Related studies should be carried out on 3D building models and urban maps. Because the effects of environmental factors, other structures and topography are very important in determining the performance of a building. These analyzes are necessary for Turkey, especially for minimizing energy losses and using renewable energy resources. Energy should be recorded on the basis of cadastral parcels and associated with the condominium. By supporting these records with GIS, city models containing energy data can be produced by local governments. There is a need for an“Energy Cadastre”in order to determine the energy potential of our country on a parcel basis and to take this information into account in the strategic plan studies.
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