East Anatolian red-black burnished ware and central anatolian relations at the end of the 4th and the beginning of the 3rd millennium bc
Doğu Anadolu Kırmızı-siyah açkılı mal ve mö. 4. binyılın sonu ile 3. binyılın başında orta anadolu ilişkileri
- Tez No: 714176
- Danışmanlar: PROF. DR. MARCELLA FRANGİPANE
- Tez Türü: Doktora
- Konular: Arkeoloji, Archeology
- Anahtar Kelimeler: Belirtilmemiş.
- Yıl: 2013
- Dil: İngilizce
- Üniversite: Sapienza Universita di Roma
- Enstitü: Yurtdışı Enstitü
- Ana Bilim Dalı: Arkeoloji Ana Bilim Dalı
- Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
- Sayfa Sayısı: 423
Özet
Yukarı Fırat Vadisi'nde yer alan Arslantepe (Malatya), kesintisiz tabakalaşması, 50 yılı aşkın süredir devam eden kazı çalışmaları ve MÖ. 4. Binyılın sonunda bölgede“erken devlet”olgusunun kurumları ile birlikte en iyi saptandığı merkez olması gibi özelliklerinden dolayı eşsiz bir höyüktür. Arslantepe'de, M.Ö. 3350-3000 (Geç Kalkolitik 5) yılları arasına tarihlendirilen VIA tabakasında, erken devlet sistemi ve yönetimin merkezileştirilmesi büyük bir sarayın varlığı ile kanıtlanmaktadır. Arslantepe VIA tabakasında saptanan dinamiklerin altyapısı ise VII. tabakadan (M.Ö. 3800-3400) bilinmektedir. VIA tabakasında saptanan baskın seramik türü, saman katkılı, açık renkli ve seri üretim özelliği gösteren, Mezopotamya kökenli bir mal grubudur. Ancak seramik repertuarında küçük bir yüzdeye ve saray içinde sınırlı bir kullanım döngüsüne sahip olan, mineral katkılı ve el yapımı“Kırmızı-Siyah Açkılı Seramik”sadece mal grubu yönünden değil, saptanan formlar bakımından da özeldir. İlk defa VII. tabakada ortaya çıkan ve VIA tabakasında nitelik ve nicelik bakımından daha çok çeşitlilik gösteren Kırmızı-Siyah Açkılı Seramik, mal grubu, yapım tarzı, pişirme tekniği ve form bakımından öncelikle Kızılırmak Havzası'nın çağdaşı olan yerleşimlerdeki kap repertuarları ile benzerlik göstermektedir. Arslantepe'nin dışında Tepecik (Elazığ) yerleşiminin MÖ. 4. Binyılın sonundaki Kırmızı-Siyah Açkılı çanak çömlek repertuarı da Orta Anadolu'yu işaret etmektedir. Söz konusu bölgeler arasında, çanak çömlek üzerinden saptanan iletişim ve etkileşimi, Arslantepe VIA metal eserleri de desteklemektedir. Metal eserler üzerinde yapılan analizler, hammadde kaynağı olarak Doğu Karadeniz Bölgesi'ni ve Orta Anadolu'yu göstermektedir. Sonuç olarak MÖ. 4. Binyılın sonunda, çanak çömlek ve metal eserler üzerinden elde edilen kültürel ve ekonomik ilişkilerin bölgelerarası güzergâhları birbiri üzerine oturmaktadır. Ancak her iki bölge arasındaki iletişimin nedenleri, doğası, etkileri ve sonuçları bilinmemektedir. Bu çalışmada, Kırmızı-Siyah Açkı8lı çanak çömlek üzerinden, MÖ. 4. binyılın sonu ve 3. Binyılın başında, Yukarı Fırat Vadisi ile Kızılırmak Havzası arasındaki iletişim ve etkileşim tüm yönleri ele alınacaktır.
Özet (Çeviri)
In this study, the earliest samples of the Red-Black Burnished Ware (RBBW) in the Upper Euphrates Valley which is assumed to be related to the Transcaucasia and defined to be the most important symbol of the culture of the Early Bronze Age at Eastern Anatolia has been evaluated. Being primarily obtained from the Late Chalcolithic levels of Arslantepe and Tepecik settlements, resemblance of this pottery repertoire with the vessel forms of Central Anatolia has called into questions in the beginning. However, besides to the excavations held at Arslantepe for decades, data obtained from the recent excavations at Central Anatolia, along with Alişar and Alaca Höyük settlements, seems to confirm this relation. Therefore, possible relations in the Late Chalcolithic between Upper Euphrates and Central Anatolia, and especially Kızılırmak Basin, have recently started to be spoken out. To date, although the red-black burnished ware has been defined as an indicator of the relation between these two mentioned regions, motives, nature, development and the effects of this relationship have not been clarified. In this study, the main objectives are to elucidate this possible relation, to expose the effects of this relation on these mentioned regions and to define the margins of geographically affected areas. In addition, another question comes on the scene; Are the settlements on both regions contemporaries? One of the most challenging regions for Anatolian archaeology in terms of chronology is Central Anatolia. Despite the excavations, which have taken place since the earliest years of Turkish Republic, as in case of Alişar Höyük and Alaca Höyük, these two settlements present many problems in absolute chronology of the Late Chalcolithic. The most prominent reason of this issue is the difference in opinions of von der Osten and Bittel. Another sore point feeding the chronology problem is the lack of C14 data. Therefore the comparisons made between neighboring regions for arranging the chronology have always become critical sources of data. However, the studies on Central Anatolia such as Çadır Höyük and Çamlıbel Tarlası having C14 results may also help to come up with more reliable conclusions and introduce different aspects. Thereby, being obtained from the Late Chalcolithic levels of Upper Euphrates region, the appearance of the RBBW, which is in resemblance with the vessel forms of Central Anatolia, besides to enable a chronological match, expresses the possibility to look at Central Anatolia over Upper Euphrates. RBBW in the Late Chalcolithic at the Upper Euphrates region appeared for the first time in a political environment where the centralization of economy took start. Later on, as this environment developed and bureaucracy took form, this ware was enhanced both quantitatively and qualitatively. Even though the RBBW quantitatively increased, it still does not exceed 12% of Arslantepe VIA pottery repertoire. Besides being few, limited circulation of this ware at VIA palace suggests that this newly produced pottery was not meant to be used extensively. In fact, typical forms of this new ceramic production such as small vessels, handled bowls and fruitstands found mostly in the temples indicate a limited but a much-specified function. Again, the RBBW from the Late Chalcolithic levels of Tepecik is in resemblance with the ones from Arslantepe when the production technique and form are considered. Thus these vessels are similar regarding the limited number and the circulation. This newly produced RBBW obtained from both settlements primarily points out Kızılırmak Basin regarding the ware group, alternate chromatic pattern (black on the inner surface of forms like bowls and on the outer surfaces of closed forms like jars) and the form. However, some forms detected at Tepecik are also similar to the ones from northeastern Anatolian settlement; Sos Höyük. Therefore, at the end of the 4th millennium, in addition to the relation with Mesopotamia, the Upper Euphrates have had multiple connections and interactions one being with Kızılırmak Basin (to northwest) and the other being with north-east Anatolia. Phase VIB1, following the destruction of Arslantepe VIA palace by fire, is characterized with a different culture and a nomadic life style. In this mentioned phase, RBBW is almost the only ware group to be detected. Being considerably different from the ones obtained from the previous level, this pottery has a rather wide usage in this phase including storage and cooking. In the period dated to EBA I at the Upper Euphrates region, although the red-black burnished production technique have been used, the changing forms primarily point out Transcaucasia. Hence the changes in the life style of Early Bronze Age I (i.e. architecture, economy and pottery tradition) are the precursors of the shift in relations and interactions and of the change in balance of power. As for the Central Anatolian settlements which present a rather different frame at the end of the 4th millennium BC, these settlements are characterized with surrounding walls, intramural burials and hand-made and mineral tempered monochrome dark colored pottery. This pottery tradition is well known from Yarıkkaya and Büyük Güllücek, which are dated to 5th millennium BC at Kızılırmak Basin. This great importance of Büyük Güllücek is through the documentation of RBBW in its ceramic repertoire. Although RBBW especially obtained from Alişar Höyük and Alaca Höyük has many similarities with the samples from the Upper Euphrates in terms of ware group and form, it stands out as having more vessel types. Data on the Central Anatolian Late Chalcolithic communities points out the internal specialization through Çadır Höyük whereas it suggests the metallurgical activities through Çamlıbel Tarlası. In hand-made pottery tradition of these both settlements mentioned above, RBBW has a great percentage that makes underestimation impossible. However, Çadır Höyük, especially in terms of fruitstands, is in parallel with the Upper Euphrates region, whereas Çamlıbel Tarlası is an exception. Notwithstanding the RBBW production is present, vessel forms of this settlement markedly differ from the ones detected in the Upper Euphrates. Sivas region located to north of the Upper Euphrates and Kızılırmak Basin and Elbistan Plain to south are the farthermost regions where RBBW tradition is presented together with alternate chromatic pattern. In addition to this type of production, emphasizing the resemblance of these vessel forms with the common forms of Upper Euphrates and Kızılırmak Basin indicates that Sivas region and Elbistan Plain, which are defined as the northern and the southern ends, are also involved in and affected by the relation and the interaction cycle between these two regions. Being located to the far north, north-central Anatolia presents alternate chromatic pattern in RBBW production, in addition to the fix chromatic pattern (always black on outer surfaces within both open and closed forms) seen within the Transcaucasian samples. Furthermore, the presence of spiral decoration in relief at Alaca Höyük, which is also a reminder of Sos Höyük, may be interpreted as the evidence of a possible interaction between northeast Anatolia and central and north-central Anatolia. The importance of north-central Anatolia for the Upper Euphrates is related to the metal artifacts rather than the pottery. Morphologically and typologically, closest resembling metal artifacts from Arslantepe VIA palace have been particularly detected at burials of İkiztepe. Additionally, the analysis of Arslantepe VIA metal artifacts, points out Black Sea region and Central Anatolia as the source of the raw material. At the end of the 4th millennium BC, metallurgical activities seem to have an important role in the relationship between the Upper Euphrates and Kızılırmak Basin. And the most important indicator of this relation is the RBBW. The Late Chalcolithic RBBW at the Upper Euphrates region indicates the Late Chalcolithic levels of the settlements at Kızılırmak Basin in terms of ware group, production technique, form and functionality. Therefore, chronologically the lower and the upper limits of this relation between two regions should be 3500 and 3000 BC.
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