Yerleşmelerde kültürel yapıya bağlı mekansal farklılaşmalar Eyüp-Balat örneği
Differences of spatial organizations of settlements according to cultural structure- A case study Eyup-Balat
- Tez No: 75244
- Danışmanlar: PROF. DR. CENGİZ CİRİTOĞLU
- Tez Türü: Yüksek Lisans
- Konular: Şehircilik ve Bölge Planlama, Urban and Regional Planning
- Anahtar Kelimeler: Belirtilmemiş.
- Yıl: 1998
- Dil: Türkçe
- Üniversite: İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi
- Enstitü: Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü
- Ana Bilim Dalı: Şehir ve Bölge Planlama Ana Bilim Dalı
- Bilim Dalı: Şehir Planlama Bilim Dalı
- Sayfa Sayısı: 266
Özet
ÖZET Bu çalışmanın amacı,. Kültürel yapının planlama açısından önemini vurgulamak ve bunun için tarihsel verilerden faydalanmak,. Yerleşmelerde görülen kültür-mekan ilişkisini irdelemek,. Farklı kültürel altyapıya sahip toplulukların oluşturdukları yerleşmelerin fiziksel özelliklerini karşılaştırmak,. Ve geleceğe yönelik planlama çalışmaları için bir temel oluşturmaktır. Bu çalışmada, birinci bölümde, kavramsal açıklamalar çerçevesinde kültürün ve yerleşmelerin tanımı yapılmakta, özellikleri hakkında bilgi verilmekte; ikinci bölümde ise farklı zaman kesitlerinde, insan topluluklarının oluşturduktan yerleşmelerin şekillenişi incelenmektedir. Çalışmada kullanılacak yöntem olarak karşılaştırma yapılmasının faydalı olacağı görüşü ile kuruluş döneminde Müslüman-Türk yerleşmesi olan Eyüp ile Musevi nüfusun baskın olarak yerleştiği Balat semti, üç ayrı dönemde, ki bu dönemlerden ilki 15-17.yüzyıllararası Osmanlı kimliğinin ağır bastığı dönem, ikincisi, 18.ve19.yüzyıllar batılılaşma ve batı etkilerinin kuvvetli bir şekilde görüldüğü dönem ve son olarak da 20.yüzyılı kapsayan cumhuriyet dönemidir, her iki yerleşmede yönetimsel, ekonomik, ile sosyal ve kültürel açıdan mekanı yönlendiren etmenler ve bunların mekansal düzene etkisi araştırılmış, ve bir karşılaştırma yapılarak bu farkların daha net bir şekilde görülmesi amaçlanmıştır. Coğrafi özelliklerin yanısıra gelişmişlik ve teknolojik düzeyi, altyapı imkanları ve benzeri açılardan eşit şartlarda bulunan ve üst düzey kararlardan eşit düzeyde etkilenen iki yerleşme olarak müslüman-Türk kimliği ile tanınan Eyüp ve (özellikle Osmanlı döneminde) musevi kimliği ile bilinen ve musevilerin yoğun olarak yerleştiği Balat semtleri seçilmiştir. Bu değerlendirme sonucunda, müslüman-Türk kimliği ve musevi kimliği baskın olan her iki yerleşmede aynı coğrafik, iklimsel verilere sahip olmasına karşın farklı yerleşme eğilimleri olduğunu ve bunda kültürel yapı kadar yasal sınırlamaların etkili olduğu anlaşılmaktadır. Yerleşmelerde görülen bu faklılıklar konut ölçeğinden mahalle ölçeğine kadar görülmektedir. 20.yüzyılda da devletin yerleşme politikasının tanzimatla birlikte değişmesi vb. üst düzey politikaların etkisiyle yangın sonrası oluşan bölgeler ile buradaki mevcut doku ile gösterdiği farklılık 20 yy.'da zaten değişen kimliklerini mekana yansıtamadıklarını göstermektedir.
Özet (Çeviri)
Cities are cultural sources in whicn the development process of the society has been reflected on space and which provide their inhabitants with links to the past. It is a necessity for city planners to study the history of cities and once this is done, - in this case for Istanbul, planning decisions can be teken answering the needs of the developing society. The objectives of this study are; - to emphasize the importance of cultural structure for city planning. - to examine the culture -space relationship observed in settlements - to compare the physical features of settlements that were made up by communities having diverse cultural backgrounds, - and to create a base for futurestudies in city planning. The following are the main points examined in the present study: - to what extent communities reflect their social and public identities to the space that surrouns them, - and to what extent communities could preserve their identities throughout the former centuries when there was close interaction among cultures due to developments in the means of tansportation and communication. Before starting the present study, it has been assumed that communucaties comprised by individuals belonging to diverse ethnic background and religious orientation have developed stricingly different settlements due to their essential differences in their approach to life, More over, they would totally reflect their identities in these settlements. This study aims at; - testing and determining the accuracy of this hypothesis. - Investigating the divergencies from the hyphothesisfor the situation of the settlements in the fifteenth and twentieth centuries and searching for the causes of the divergencies. XIIn the first chapter of the thesis conceptual framework is analysed. For this purpose, firstly, definition of“culture”and its characteristics are presented. Secondly, the development of settlements and factors that cause and have an affect on the development of these settlements are investigated. In the second chapter, effects of societies on the development and designing process of their living space during certain time periods are inspected. In this respect, a diagram showing the establishment and development of Otlaman Turkish cities was prepared by analysing the situation of early-founded settlements. Another point that has been inspected is the impact of socio-cultural structure on physical space. The third chapter compares the general concepts with concrete data collected in the area. For the realization of this research, two different settlements have been investigated at three different time periods between the fifteenth and twentieth centuries. These settlements are Eyüp Sultan and Balat. The reasons for this selection are as follows: -They both posses the same climatic features, -They are both at the same scientific and technological level, -They have similar economic structures, -They Have similar uppermost institutional formation, -They have been affected equally from the top planning decisions. When all of these data hae been taken into consideration, it has been relevant to select the two settlements from the same city. During the Ottaman reign, people possessing diverse ethnic background were encouraged to settle in different regins of Istanbul. This fact made the selection easier for the present study. From the two settlements, while Eyüp emerged as the religious center of the city with its muslim identity, balat was known with its Jewish minority. These two selected settlements were investigated in the following way.The establishment period of each settlement till the conquest of İstanbul in 1453 was briefly discussed and its social Function during this period is explained. Afterwards, the position of the settlement during the fifteenth and seventeenth century Ottaman period is analysed in the first part of the study with the method described below: -The administrative structure of the settlement and administrative decisions that could affect its physical structure, -Its economic structure -The location of the settlement in the city, its historical development, its function and socio-cultural structure are searched in detail as well as the affects of these factors on the settlement and spatial organization. -The physical order of the settlement is analysed mainly considering the economic and administrative relationships and the social structure. The research area was analysed again for the period of eighteenth and nineteenth centuries with the same criteria. At this period westernization was the main trend. So transformations that took place in the country, the city and the concerned settlements have been analysed along with the impact of these transformations on the physical structure. In the last part of the chapter, transformations that occured during the twentieth century and after the establishment of the republic are analysed. During these analysis, both settlements were compared with each other and scrutinized for their gaining closer relationship in time. xuMaps of the settlements that were drawn at different times in history were compared in order to find out the transformations of the settlements in time. Findings of the research are as follows: Eyüp is a settlement that was developed and livened up following the Ottaman conquest of Istanbul as a result housing policies of the time. So in the sixteenth century, most part of the population contained pious Muslims who were mostly banished from Bursa to istanbul. Most of the residents were from the elite class, though there was not a specific social classifications in the settlement. Residents of Eyüp had reflected their Muslim identities on the settlement The principles of establishment and development observed in the settlement are in accordance with the typical Ottaman pattern of settlement. It has been observed that there were unwritten social rules for the formation of the settlement. Buildings were constructed in such a careful way that neighbours' rights were respected and new constructions did not prevent the others' sunlight. Other characteristics of residences are: houses had gardens and were built around courtyards, showing the importance of secrecy, denser as they got closer to the center, mostly had two or three floors, were built from wooden materials, and wide eaves and bow-windows. City streets were placed on the two sides of these houses or garden walls, were narrow and inclined appropriate for walking. There were blind alleys relevant to the concept of secrecy. It has been observed that road networks had developed organically. Mosques were community centers. At this period, the settlement was in the position of a religious center, a visiting place, a center of education, a common, an area where several cemeteries were present and finally was a place of political importance. The westernization period brought along social transformations along with a new period in history called“Lale Devri''. This westernization trend in history developed with the receptiveness to the West and advanced with the development of means of transportation and communication. Accordingly it led to ”Tanzimaf'-the political reforms of Abdülmejid in 1839. The affect of these reforms and the influence of westernization movement on surroundings had shown itself in areas that had to be rearranged as a result of frequent great fires, and especially in areas where immigrans from Balkans were settled. At that period, streets are observed to have a pattern of a straight lines that intersect with each other at right angles, in accordance with the grid system and square-shaped building sites occured. As the structure of the society changed, administrative differences took place and certain institutional alterations were made in order to meet the requirements of the society. For the first time in Ottaman history, the structure of the settlement was planned according to the orders of the head administrators. No more, individuals or foundations would control the structures of settlements and standardization occured in all settlements. Regulations were made concerning a lot of issues, starting from building materials to buiding heights. In the twentieth century, structures of the settlements were manipulated completely by decisions of autorities and planning was considered increasingly more important In this century, individuals do not have the chance of contributing or reflecting their identities to the space they live in. At this period, it is the planners duty to take the necessary measures in order to protect the characteristics of the settlement. The planner should manipulate the planning by taking into consideration the area that he/she works on and all of its values. XUlOn the other hand, Balat is a settlement within city walls, where Romaniots dwelled during the Byzantine period. Jewish citizens were settled in that location as a result of Ottoman housing policy of the seventeenth century. Jewish characteristic of the settlement emerged noticeably. This settlement was formed by small area that had houses built around a religious center, as in the case of Eyüp. But this time people built their houses around synagogues. Since Jewish citizens lived there in large numbers. Balat received the attention of theJewish community continually. Yet the Jews were not completely independent in that region in building their constructions. They had to get official permission to build public institution like synagogues, schools and hospitals. During the westernization period, most of these restrictions were annulled as the result of equal rights and freedom for allcitizens. On the other hand Balat lost its identity as a result of planning activities as it had been in Eyüp. Afterwards settlements did not reflect cultural identity as before. Following the beginning of the twentieth century, the Jews started leaving Balat due to different reasons like loss of prestige of the settlement, attractiveness of new settlements, wars, wealth tax, the establishment of Israel... etc. Immigrants especially from the Black Sea region were settled there, which in turn, led to agreat transformation in the cultural structure of the settlement. More over, planning activities that took place after“Tanzimat”caused changes on the coast of Golden Horn. Besides; introduction of industry to Eyüp and Balat affected the physical structure as well as the social pattern of these areas and caused transformations which had effects that lasted till now. As a result, Communities had a tradition of reflecting their identities to their settlements during the Ottoman period. Unique practices such as forming settlements with a system that shaped the contours of settlements, but did not obey strict rules inside -for example, blind alleys and“Yahudhane”s- diminished with the approach of the twentieth century due to top administrative decisions and the contribution of the individuals to the formation of their settlements got less. Minority groups that were free within certain restrictions also formed their unique building structures.
Benzer Tezler
- Şehir eski merkezlerinde görülen işlevsel ve mekansal farklılaşmalar -Afyaonkarahisar örneği ile ilgili bir araştırma
Başlık çevirisi yok
GÜLDEN DEMET ORUÇ
Yüksek Lisans
Türkçe
1996
Şehircilik ve Bölge Planlamaİstanbul Teknik ÜniversitesiPROF.DR. CENGİZ GİRİTOĞLU
- Niğde kenti açık ve yeşil alanlarına yönelik stratejik hedeflerin belirlenmesi ve planlama stratejilerinin geliştirilmesi
Determination of strategic objectives and development of planning strategies for open and green spaces of Nigde city
RİFAT OLGUN
Doktora
Türkçe
2018
Peyzaj MimarlığıAkdeniz ÜniversitesiPeyzaj Mimarlığı Ana Bilim Dalı
DOÇ. DR. TAHSİN YILMAZ
- Besni Şehri'nin mekânsal gelişimi ve şehirleşmeye bağlı problemler
Spatial development of the Besni city and problems related to urbanization
MÜLAYİM ALTUNTAŞ
- Yeşilırmak Deltasında (Çarşamba/Samsun) doğal ortam insan ilişkileri ve doğal çevre planlaması
The natural environment planning and natural environment – human relationships on Yeşilırmak Delta Plain (Çarşamba/Samsun)
HARUN REŞİT BAĞCI
Doktora
Türkçe
2017
CoğrafyaOndokuz Mayıs ÜniversitesiCoğrafya Ana Bilim Dalı
PROF. DR. KEMALETTİN ŞAHİN
- Anadolu'da insan topluluklarının hareketleri, kültürel etkileşimi ve mekansal etkileri: Tarihsel bir okuma
The movement of human communities, cultural interaction and spatial impact in Anatolia: A reading through history
ATİLLA ŞAHLANOĞLU
Yüksek Lisans
Türkçe
2018
Şehircilik ve Bölge Planlamaİstanbul Teknik ÜniversitesiŞehir ve Bölge Planlama Ana Bilim Dalı
PROF. DR. GÜLDEN ERKUT