Şehir eski merkezlerinde görülen işlevsel ve mekansal farklılaşmalar -Afyaonkarahisar örneği ile ilgili bir araştırma
Başlık çevirisi mevcut değil.
- Tez No: 55640
- Danışmanlar: PROF.DR. CENGİZ GİRİTOĞLU
- Tez Türü: Yüksek Lisans
- Konular: Şehircilik ve Bölge Planlama, Urban and Regional Planning
- Anahtar Kelimeler: Belirtilmemiş.
- Yıl: 1996
- Dil: Türkçe
- Üniversite: İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi
- Enstitü: Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü
- Ana Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
- Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
- Sayfa Sayısı: 132
Özet
ÖZET Sanayileşme süreciyle birlikte kırsal alanlarda, kentsel yerleşmelere doğru gerçekleşen göç hareketleriyle artan nüfûsu barındırmaya başlayan şehirsel merkezlerde teknolojinin değişimi ve toplum yapısında görülen sosyal, ekonomik ve kültürel farklılaşmalar doğrultusunda işlevsel ve mekansal anlamda değişmeler gerçekleşmiştir. Gelişen teknoloji ve değişen toplum ihtiyaçlarının karşılanabilmesi amacıyla artan ve çeşitlenen işlevlerin geleneksel örgütlenme tekniklerinin yerini çağdaş tekniklere bırakması ile de artan alan ihtiyaçları, yer seçim eğilimlerinde farklılaşmalara dolayısıylada şehirsel mekanların değişimine sebep olmuştur. Sanayileşme, kentleşme olgulanyla gelişen şehirde toprağın sınırlı olması ve serbest piyasa ekonomisine bağlı olarak kar amaçlı alınıp satılabilmesi ve denetimsiz olarak gerçekleştirilen toprak kullanma kararlan hızlı bir yapılaşma sürecine girilmesiyle sosyal yapıya bağlı olarak oluşan belirli kimliği olan mevcut yerleşim dokularının karakteristik özellikleri dikkate alınmadan ve eskiyle bütünleşmesinle önem verilmeden gerçekleştirilen yeni yapılaşma kültürel mirasın korunmasında büyük kayıpların ortaya çıkmasına ve nitelliksiz sağlıksız kentsel mekan organizasyonuna neden olmuştur. Hazırlanan çalışmada şehir eski merkezlerinde görülen işlevsel ve mekansal değişmeler ve bu değişmelere neden olan etkenler incelenirken Afyonkarahisar şehir eski merkezinde yer alan Karaman Mahallesindeki mevcut durum ve yerel yönetim tarafından uygulunması öngörülen imar planı değişikliği sonucu oluşacak işlevsel değişimin bölge kullanıcı özellik ve istekleriyle beraber değerlendirilmesine gidilmiştir. Araştırmada öne sürülen varsayımlar, örnek alanda yapılan gözlemler, yerel yönetim yetkilileriyle görüşmeler ve bölge kullanıcılarına yöneltilen soruların değerlendirilmesiyle elde edilen sonuçlar doğrultusunda sulanmıştır. KSUMMARY FUNCTIONAL AND SPATIAL CHANGES ON OLD CITY CENTERS: THE CASE OF AFYONKARAHİSAR The population in the center of urban areas has been steadily increasing due to immigrations from the rural areas, which is parallel to the developments in industry. These rapid developments in technology cause to the changes in functional and spatial concepts. This is naturally effect of the social, cultural and economic variations in public structure. The urbanization is defined as the realization of social changes, increase of the population in urban areas, building of new cities parallel to technological and economical developments. Urbanization has been executed at different levels and different time periods depending on country's economical, technical background, industry and services. Although the action of urbanization starting at the beginning of 1800's in western countries has decelerated in the 1950's, the rate of urbanization has accelerated at the same time in the developing countries. With industrialization, the providing of mobilization, the changes in communication and production systems caused beginning of rapid migration from rural areas to urban settlements. There has been differentiation in social and physical form of urban settlements due to specialization and organization which occurred by the chancing needs of communities. The relationship between industrialization and urbanization in newly developing countries has been subject of much research and extensive publication. Many different aspects of industrialization as related to urbanization in newly developing countries are not discussed in this study. It is perhaps appropriate here to explain only, broader and general. There is naturally direct correlation between development of urbanization and development of industrialization, which is the cause of each other.
Özet (Çeviri)
SUMMARY FUNCTIONAL AND SPATIAL CHANGES ON OLD CITY CENTERS: THE CASE OF AFYONKARAHİSAR The population in the center of urban areas has been steadily increasing due to immigrations from the rural areas, which is parallel to the developments in industry. These rapid developments in technology cause to the changes in functional and spatial concepts. This is naturally effect of the social, cultural and economic variations in public structure. The urbanization is defined as the realization of social changes, increase of the population in urban areas, building of new cities parallel to technological and economical developments. Urbanization has been executed at different levels and different time periods depending on country's economical, technical background, industry and services. Although the action of urbanization starting at the beginning of 1800's in western countries has decelerated in the 1950's, the rate of urbanization has accelerated at the same time in the developing countries. With industrialization, the providing of mobilization, the changes in communication and production systems caused beginning of rapid migration from rural areas to urban settlements. There has been differentiation in social and physical form of urban settlements due to specialization and organization which occurred by the chancing needs of communities. The relationship between industrialization and urbanization in newly developing countries has been subject of much research and extensive publication. Many different aspects of industrialization as related to urbanization in newly developing countries are not discussed in this study. It is perhaps appropriate here to explain only, broader and general. There is naturally direct correlation between development of urbanization and development of industrialization, which is the cause of each other.With the development of technology and machinery, telecommunication and the increase of population the choice for the need has changed and caused also spatial differentation. The differences between one place and another, the sense of belonging, of being rooted to a particular location, have traditionally been achieved because there were few alternative options available.The overall of vernacular settlements was determined by the constraints of the land and climate, by building materials, and by the social and historic forces that were unique to each place and time. The lack of choices forced a recognition of regionel imperatives. The apparent shift away from what is distinctive to what is similar in the contemporary world is the consequence of the social, economic, and the technological changes that have occurred with increasing rapidity since the industrial revolution. In an industry city, the activities in the center of the city and metropolitisation and also with the decentralization of activities has the spatial structure changed. In that sense, the city form has lost its shape characteristics as one center. Urban-growth over the past two hundred years, but especially since the second World War, has been remarkable for its scale and speed, and since the nineteenth century it has been the dominant force affecting people and the environment. The new age has created a landscape of transportation systems, tower blocks, freeways, vacant lands, and suburbs that are continually expanding and swallowing up the rural areas beyond. Because, all residential activities require land. The cost of space plays an important role in choosing their location. Patterns of land use in urban areas will be shaped by the spatial distribution of land costs are in turn effected by patterns of land use. The need for fields has steadily increased with the increasing functions of the city center and this very limited potential for fields has caused price increase. This also has led business of fields being very popular and profitable especially in the countries having free market conditions. In addition, this influences the spatial changes in urban areas without planning. The structure of city centers by means of having the rapid industrialization have been changing without considering the physicological and physiological needs of people to make more profit. Naturally, this event leads to an aggressive destruction in the city characteristics and fabric. The spatial and functional changes for an example Karaman Mahallesi that is in the city center of Afyonkarahisar are studied in this thesis work containing five chapters. XIThe hypotheses are introduced in the first chapter to fix the scope of the concept. The reasons for urbanization in the whole world and its development are investigated and evaluated by means of comparing to developing countries. The change in social, cultural and economical structure of public, which leads transformations in spatial and functional structure in urban areas, is researched in the second chapter of this study. The models about the spatial form of cities and their evolving form that incorporate the common forces and trends which are affecting all cities, including population growth, urbanization, changing household size, class differences, increasing affluence, the evolving economic structure, and improving communications also explained in that part. The cause of changes for the pattern characteristics of rural and urban areas on the environment is explained in this chapter. In the free-market economy of the cities it's apparent that there have been various out comes as a consequence of population movements. The worst case is found in the industrial cities which have a relatively weak city center economy and where the core area is dominated by poor people in low quality housing. Given the amount of poverty, housing and environmental policies have had only a marginal effect and have not been able to prevent many neighbourhoods from decaying with widespread abandonment. At the other extreme a few cities with strong downtown economies and potentially attractive inner city residental areas have been able to bring back middle-class, mainly childless, households to live in these areas. The change progress for demographical distribution in the selected example region in Afyonkarahisar and the motions of urbanization due the created labor potential occurring because of mechanization in the agriculture, migrating rapidly to urban areas, is explained. The differences in market distributions for working labor depending on industrialization levels of countries are investigated briefly. After the investigation of situation in Turkey and Afyonkarahisar, the economical change activities in urban spatial transformations are considered separately. The observations and survey results in selected example region are evaluated in fourth chapter. Existing build-up structure in Karaman Mahallesi, selected example region, considering in humanity scales, is a settlement region, which has been getting older by means of continuing the city general fabric. xnLocal government has decided to destroy the existing structure and build new structure having no relation with human scale without considering quality. Actually, it would be better to make real modifications in existing system. At the end of filtering process, the owners of houses where they are in very low salary level settlements do not make any revisions on their buildings. This event has already accelerated the existing quality erosion. According to our survey evaluations, the following results were obtained. The choice and requirement of the people are same and that is why they were settled in the same region. The dynamics of economic and marketing forces that has created the strip and shopping plaza has had social as well as physical consequences. The streets are full of cars but empty of people. The essential feature of downtown street, with sidewalks, shops, restaurants, theaters and alively pedestrian environment, is turned upside down with new building process. Life becomes a series of isolated events, nodes of activity between home, shopping, recreation, and work, made accessible by a noman's-land environment of highways. The street becomes a separator rather than an integrator of people, generating a need for another means of social interaction which the sports arena, indoor racetrack, shopping center, restaurant and pool-hall provide as indoor experience. Local government converts those fields, which can bring big profits themselves, without considering human and public needs. However, what they should do is to make real modification considering continuity the fabric structure of the city. Normally, users in the region is against those regulations, but those building owners support them because of high profit potentials. High speculations occur due to private field owners in the city center and this brings also bad quality build-in structure and this problem can be solved by increasing the taxes. According to the results that has been put forward some advice suggested. In new building areas the using of elements that has an identity would be helpful at providing definable environments which would be attractive for the users of the region. And people won't feel themselves as strangers in the environment they live in. Urban development policies should be at the shape of protecting the cultural heritage offering good quality of environment by protecting with rehabilitation at the settlements that had formed according to the socio cultural features of people, that is xmmade in human scale and obtains living environments. If it is necessary, the functions of the existing buildings should be changed according to the features of the structure instead of demolishing them. The owners should be educated and they should be forced to arrange the buildings for public needs. The local governments should make real investments to get rid of bad results in the region. For providing the continuos of close interaction between neighborhoods in old historical settlements, it's important to protect the existing physical social pattern as well as to continue spatial features of the old settlements in newly building areas. It has been seen that in open spaces that has formed according to the necessities and social patterns of people the interaction between individuals is increasing. XIV
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