Asenkron makinenin hız sensörsüz vektör kontrolü
Başlık çevirisi mevcut değil.
- Tez No: 75458
- Danışmanlar: PROF. DR. M. EMİN TACER
- Tez Türü: Yüksek Lisans
- Konular: Elektrik ve Elektronik Mühendisliği, Electrical and Electronics Engineering
- Anahtar Kelimeler: Belirtilmemiş.
- Yıl: 1998
- Dil: Türkçe
- Üniversite: İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi
- Enstitü: Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü
- Ana Bilim Dalı: Elektrik Mühendisliği Ana Bilim Dalı
- Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
- Sayfa Sayısı: 89
Özet
Asenkron makinenin, basit ve güçlü yapısı, az bakım gerektirmesi, yüksek verimde çalışması, komutatör ve firça düzeneklerinin bulunmaması gibi sebeplerden dolayı diğer makinelerden üstün olduğu bilinmektedir. Ancak bu makinenin lineer olmayan yapısı ve karmaşık matematiksel modeli, kontrolünü güç ve karmaşık kılmıştır. Buna rağmen, mikroelektronik, mikroişlemciler ve güç elektroniği alanındaki gelişmeler sincap kafesli asenkron makinelerin kontrolü üzerindeki çalışmalara hız kazandırmıştır. Bu çalışmalarda sincap kafesli asenkron makine davranışının serbest uyarmalı doğru akım makinesine benzetilmesine çalışılır. Bu tezde, ilk aşamada uzay fazörleri kullanılarak matematiksel modelin rotor akısı yönlendirilmiş eksen takımında basitleşmesi sağlanmıştır. Daha sonra stator akımlarından hızı tahmin eden bir model kurulmuştur. Modelin simülasyonu MATLAB SIMULINK programı kullanılarak incelenmiş ve elde edilen sonuçlar verilmiştir.
Özet (Çeviri)
In the past d.c. motors were used extensively in areas where variable speed operation was required, since their flux and torque could be controlled easily by the field and armature current. In particular, the separately excited d.c. motor has been used mainly for applications where there was a requirement of fast response and four quadrant operation with high performers near zero speed. However, d.c. motors have certain disadvantages, which are due to the existence of the commutator and brushes. That is, they require periodic maintenance; they cannot be used in explosive or corrosive environments and they have limited commutator capability under high speed, high voltage operational conditions. These problems can be over come by the applications of alternating current motors, which can have simple and rugged structure, high maintainability and economy; they are also robust and immune to heavy overloading. Their small dimension compared with d.c. motors allows a.c motors to be designed with higher output ratings for low weight and low rotating mass. In 1887 Nikola Tesla built the first induction machine in America, in which a two phase alternating current and some fixed electromagnets, instead of a permanent magnet, were used to generate a rotating field. In the late of the 19th century, induction machine is the most widely used electrical drive motor and its invention has given a strong impetus towards the transition from d.c. to a.c. in the field of generation, transmission and distribution of electrical energy. Its main advantage is the elimination of all sliding electrical contacts, resulting in an exceeding simple and rugged construction. Induction machines are made in a variety of designs with ratings of a few watts to several megawatts.The squirrel cage induction machines need complex control algorithms due to their non-linear dynamic model. The speed of supply fed induction motors cannot be continuously varied without additional equipment or without incurring large power losses. However, as a result of progress in the field of power electronics and induction machines became more practical. Some of the advantages of the using of microprocessor or digital techniques are:. Cost reduction in control electronics;. Improved reliability, due to the reduction of the number of components;. Standard hardware is required and the only changes are the software, which is very flexible and can be easily modified;. Digital transmission requires a minimal amount of cabling and is very tolerant to noise; it eliminates drift and electromagnetic interference problems;. Very high accuracy, excellent repeatability, linearity and stability with different setting ranges;. Centralised operator communications, monitoring, and diagnostic; Complex, high speed arithmetic and capability of decision making; Only a few standard modules are required without any specical adjustments; Powerful system software for on-line measurements, control parameter setting (current control parameter setting, speed control parameter setting) and testing;Automatic location of hardware faults with the help of system and user software; The machine terminal voltages and currents can be sensed and torque and flux can be estimated by partial observer. A simple method of flux measurement is the mounting of Hall effect sensors in the machine air gap. A problem here sensor outputs drift with temperature which is difficult to compensate. There are essentially two general methods of vector control, direct and indirect methods. The direct method was developed by F. Blaschke, and the other was developed by K. Hasse. One of the prime task in vector control is to decouple the torque and flux based from modulus of stator current and keep them in qudrature to one another at all times in reference frame that is related to the rotor coordinates. That requires sensing the three phase stator currents. As for d.c. machine, in a.c. machine both the phase angle and the modulus of the current has to be controlled, in other words, the current vector has to be controlled. In d.c. machines, the orientations of the field flux and armature m.m.f. is fixed by the commutador and the brushes. In induction machines the field flux and the spatial angle of the armature m.m.f. require external control. With vector control of a.c. machines, the torque and flux producing current components are decoupled and the transient response characteristics are similar to those of a separately excited d.c. machine. The control system adapts to any load disturbances or reference value variations as fast as d.c. machine. To apply vector control methods; first off all, the mathematical model of an induction machine must be obtained. As it is mentioned above, the dynamic performance of an induction machine is complex because of the coupling effects between the stator and rotor phases where the coupling coefficients vary with rotor position. The principle of the various forms of vector control of a.c. machines can be well understood by comparing the production of electromagnetic torque in d.c. machine and a.c machines. For this purpose first the space phasors of various quantities (m.m.f., currents, flux linkages etc.) will be introduced by utilising physical and mathematical considerations. In this thesis, vector control of induction machine is discussed, considering rotor-flux-oriented control by using space-phasor theory. Firstoff all this control method is simplified. Simulation of simplified rotor- flux-oriented control is studied in computer. In this thesis, first chapter contains an introduction by taking into account the above consideration. In second chapter, the mathematical model of the machine is obtained by using space-phasor theory. In third chapter, the space phasors of various quantities (stator m.m.f, stator currents, magnetising current, stator flux linkages...) are obtained by physical considerations. This followed by a discussion of the mechanism of electromagnetic torque production in d.c. and a.c machines and an explanation based on space-phasor theory. Then, the voltage equations are formulated in a general reference frame. In fourth chapter, the mathematical model of induction machine is obtained in the stationary reference frame by considering general reference frame, in per-unit system, and machine is simulated in computer and the results of simulation are given. In fifth chapter, The stator and rotor equations is obtained in rotor flux oriented frame. Similarly torque equations is obtained by using same method. The expression for the electromagnetic torque contains a flux-producing current component and a torque-producing current, which are in space quadrature, and this expression for the electromagnetic torque of d.c. machine. But control algorithms obtained are quite complicated for implementation and still require the measurement or indirect observation of several process quantities (stator currents, flux amplitude, flux frame location, speed and torque). Some simplification steps were taken to overcome these disadvantages. These are: Flux is constant Total leakage factor is considered to be zero The direct speed measurement should not be applied. Speed estimation from stator voltage equation in field coordinates in introduced. Speed estimator is applied to the indirect field orientation control structure. Simulation results on real 4kW drive show that good behaviour is obtained in static conditions under varible load.Finally, a very simple algorithm is found. Then this control method is simulated in computer. The control algorithm is: usx -Rs-is* / sy m sx Rs + Rr L Rr (a)mr-car)+cor CO =. m Jimref In the last chapter, the results of studied are given.
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