Demographic and ethnic characteristics of Central Asia and their future impacts on the social, economical and political aspects of the region
Orta Asya'nın demografik ve etnik özellikleri ve bunların bölgenin sosyal, ekonomik ve politik durumuna gelecekteki etkileri
- Tez No: 82052
- Danışmanlar: PROF.DR. SUNDAY ÜNER
- Tez Türü: Doktora
- Konular: Demografi, Demography
- Anahtar Kelimeler: Belirtilmemiş.
- Yıl: 1999
- Dil: İngilizce
- Üniversite: Hacettepe Üniversitesi
- Enstitü: Nüfus Etütleri Enstitüsü
- Ana Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
- Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
- Sayfa Sayısı: 305
Özet
Özet yok.
Özet (Çeviri)
1 HACETTEPE UNIVERSITY, INSTITUTE OF POPULATION STTJDÎES ABSTRACT DEMOGRAPHIC AND ETHNIG CHARACTERISTICS OF CENTRAL ASlA AND THEIR FUTURE IMPACTS ON THE SOCİAL, ECONOMICAL AND POL1TICAL ASPECTS OF THE REGION By Osman Aray Supervisor of the study: Prof. Dr. Sunday Uner“Demographic and Ethnic Characteristics of Central Asia and Their Future Impacts )n Social, Economical and Political Aspects of the Region'”is a thesis submitted in iartial fulfıllment of the requirements for the degree of Ph.D. of Social and Economic >emography to Institute of Population Studies, Hacettepe University. The objective of the study is to analyze the demographic and ethnic composition of ne Central Asia in clo.se connection with its geographical, historical, cultural, social and conomic aspects, to describe these factors from a historical perspective, to give a etailed pİcture of the present day Central Asia in regard to its demographic, ethnic, conomic, and social aspects and finally, to analyse the impacts of the Regions emographic Characteristics on its ruture developments The general approach of the methodology of the study is inductive, holistic, escriptive and analytic. As can be seen from the Table of Contents of the Study. fırst of ali the Region ave been deseribed by historical, cultural, geographical and climatic means. Then a brief istory of the Region, including some of its anthropological aspects, up to Russian- oviet period is presented, since they are the early roots of the present situation and evelopments which are taking shape in the Region.Central Asia during the Russian-Soviet period has been analysed in detail, since this period highly influenced, even determined the present-day situation of the republics of the Central Asia. I A special importance has bee» given to the demographic and ethnic structures of Central Asian republics after their independence. Almost all of the most updated data is presented for every republic and for the sake of comparison, summary tables which includes Kazakhstan, Kyrgzstan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan is disposed, including their analytical wording. Also related data of Turkey and the world is presented in order (o make healthy comparisons and to show the demographic development levels of the Central Asian republics. j | Relations between Central Asian republics and Turkey after independence has been introduced briefly in order to show the future role of Turkey in the Region.Finally. [present and future impacts of Demographic and Ethnic structures on socials economic, iand geo-political aspects of the Region has been discussed. i j Here I want to emphasize the special situation of Republic of Azerbaijan, a turkic republic which has many anthropologic, linguistic and ethnic similarities with Turkey and Central Asian republics. Azerbaijanians migrated from Central Asia to their present homeland around 1 1th Century. From that time on, their historical, social and economic ' developments has been grown much differently than Central Asia, mainly because of their integration to Trans-Caucasian Region. That's why Azerbaijan, although it is a turkic republic, excluded from this stuây, but relevant demographic data about ; Azerbaijan have been presented in the main tables for comparison and additional, information. Also, some detailed demographic data of Azerbaijan, without comments, is ; presented in the Appendix. A special survey for data collection regarding the study has not been conducted because of the geographical, political and financial reasons. Instead, a very detailed and extensive literature reading has been done, totalling almost 45 000 pages of books,* articles, periodicals and URL ( Uniform Resource Locator) documents. All these documents which were utilized during the study are presented in the Bibliography. ! The demographical data of Azerbaijan, Uzbekistan and Kyrgyzstan regarding the p^>st-independence period are considered to be“ exclusive' ' by the official authorities of these republics. I obtained these data from the state bodies of these republics through '] friendly relations”, which is formed by very intensive and trustworthy relations bietween them and myself since two decades. As a consequence, the demographical data presented in this study for the post-independence period of these republics are 'unique' in the world literature. We hope that these data which is directly translated from Russian to English from the exclusive official documents will be fruitful for the future studies of Other demographers which are interested with the Region. Also I believe that, my studies and direct observations in the Region which lasted (almost 20 years, contributed a lot to this study. The findings and conclusion of the. study can be summarized as follows; 1. From 2nd century B.C. to 15th century A.D., Central Asia played a determining role in the world history. Nomadic empires of Central Asia changed the path of history by their raids to Europe, Middle East, India and Russia. During this period the mode of production in Central Asia can be defined as“nomadic pastoralism”. Sedentary i civilisations could only be found in the“oasis region”of Central Asia. i I Ih Nomadic raids from Central Asia came to an end in the 1 5 century. Especially in the“Timurides period”Central Asia lived through its golden age. Samarkand, Bukhara, Khiva became the scientific and artistic centers of the World. Discovery of naval trade routes marked the end of this period by shifting emphasis away from traditional trade routes such as the silk-road and spice-road which had been supplying.great material wealth to the region. Also, wide use of fire arms ended the supremacy of the nomadic cavalry which had been the main military advantage of the nomadic empires.I From the 16th century to the Russian invasion which took place in the late 19* century, Central Asia lost its significance in world affairs. Poverty and religious fundamentalism were the main characteristics prevailing in the region during this period. Tsarist Russia saw the region as a source of raw materials, and especially cotton. No i visible major changes in the economic or social life of the region could be perceived during this period. After the“Great October Revolution”Central Asia, which up to that time was i known as“Turkestan”was divided artificially by the Soviets into different republics. Soviets also spent great efforts to reidentify - Russify the people of the region* but could not accomplish their aim.. Soviets also considered the Region as a source of raw materials to supply the industrialized parts of the USSR. During the Soviet period, the Region suffered great ecological disasters for the sake of fulfilling the“plan targets”that jwere drawn up directly by Moscow. In spite of all the adverse developments* we must I {admit in all fairness that during the Soviet period in Central Asia, many positive changes |also took place in the spheres of industry, education, health-care, transport, etc. I i | 2. We do not have any data regarding the population of Central Asia before the end of the 19th Century. There are only some assumptions based on the. social and technological levels of the Central Asian societies for different periods, and, different kinds of mode of production. The first census was held in the Region by the tsarst Russia on 1897. Second census was held by the Soviets on 1926, which is followed by the regular censuses untill 1989. After 1991, the year of independence of Central Asian republics, demographical data collection in the Region, to an extend, lost its routine and standardization, because of the different standards and needs of each republic, and further, because of lack of specialists, know-how and money. 3. Starting from the Russian invasion in late 19th Century, the ethnic structure of Central Asia drammatically altered by the immigration of the Slavic population. This|l immigration accelerated after the“Great October Revolution”, and, after the second wfcrld war reached the peak. As a consequence of this enormous immigration, in mid- 19^70's, more than half of the population of Kazakhstan consisted of non-indigenous population, while Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan also had a considerable i proportion of Slavic population. Besides Russians, Tatars, Germans, Jews and Koreans also immigrated, or in more ptoper words, forced to immigrate to the Region starting from 1941, which increased the proportion of non-indigenous population in the Region 4. The demographic aspects of the Region changed fundamentally starting from 1920's: Despite the demographic catasthropes (genocides) caused by Stalin's ]“ ideological cleanisation”, collectivisation campaigns that was held in 1930' s in zakhstan, and the second world war, we observe a steady population growth in the £ egion for the period 1926-1945. But the main“population boom”is observed in the region after this period. In Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan throughout the I960' s and jl970's, the total population grew at least three times faster than they had during the I previous two decades. Similar patterns of overall population growth were witnessed to a 1 lesser degree, in Kyrgyzstan and Kazakhstan. During the same period, life expectancies at birth increased, infant and child mortality rates decreased significantly. Also health services and the status of women in the society improved. 5. Since the non-indigenous population of Central Asian republics already passed the period of ' ' demographic transition' ', and hence, having low population growth rates for the same period, we can easily observe that the“population boom”witnessed in Central Asian republics for this period stemmed from the very high fertility rates of the indigenous population. 'j.,...-.^JDyring this period indigenous people of Central Asia preserved their traditional big families, married earlier, and attained very high fertility rates, which, is also encouraged by the state policies.6. Total Fertility Rates of the indigenous population of the Central Asian republics tend to decrease starting from the mid- 1 970“ s. Also women's age at first marriage has rjeen reached the low limit of what is demographically termed the ”European marriage pattern' ', especially in Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan. Altough this modernisation patterns are observed in all Central Asian republics, it is expected that the“demographic tlnomentum' ', affected by still high fertility rates and the young age structure of the j population, which is a consequence of the very high fertility rates of the recent past, will I continue in the coming decades. This is especially true for the southern republics of i Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan i » I j 7. Uzbekistan is the most populous republic in Central Asia and its population jdensity exceeds both the world and low and medium income level countries' (LMIC) (average. Although Kazakhstan has the second largest population, due to its vast territory, 'the population density is very low. Kyrgyzstan stands in the mid-way. In this respect, a special importance must be paid to Turkmenistan. Turkmenistan's population and population density is rather low, but since the large part of the country consists of deserts, ) the population density is very high in the rare oasis zones of the country, scattered I through Amu-Darya river. j Infant mortality rates of Central Asian republics increased after the independence in accordance with the deteriorating economic and social spheres, and became considerably higher than the world and LMIC averages. The highest rate is observed in Turkmenistan, the poorest and socially least developed country among Central Asian republics. Life expectancy at birth of males also decreased after the independence, and became lower than the world and LMIC averages. For females life expectancy at birth is almost at the same level with LMIC countries.. Again, Turkmenistan has the lowest life expectancy for both males and females, because of the reasons stated for the high infant mortality rate of this republic.^ j Percentage of urban population of Central Asian republics are lower than the world average, except Kazakhstan. But we must note that the urban population of Kazakhstan, to a great extend consists of Slavic population, and, rural population is almost completely of titular nationality. In Turkmenistan, the big majority of the urban population is living iri the only big city of the republic, Ashgabad city. I 8. The annual population growth rate of Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan are around njull as of 1996. This is due to the continuing emigration of the non-indigenous papulation from these republics. The emigration of Slavic nationalities from these republics slowed down since mid- 1 990' s. As a consequence we might expect that in the Coming decade the population growth will increase and the percentage of the titular ijiationalities will rise in these republics due to the still high fertility rate among the same. In Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan the annual population growth rate is above 2 percent annually for 1996, in spite of the continuing emigration of non-indigenous population from these republics. 9. Age dependency ratio is considerably high in Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan and Kyrgyzstan due to the excess population in 0-15 age group, which is a natural cosequence of high fertility rates. In Kazakhstan this ratio is rather low, because of the high percentage of Slavic population in the republic. These high age dependency ratios are creating serious burdens on the already j deteriorated economies of Central Asian republics. Also marriage rates are declining and the divorce rates are growing, in Central i Asian republics in the recent years, because of the worsening economic and social j conditions. i i | 10. In sum, Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan, with their high fertility rates^ large families, desire to have more childeren, high age dependency ratios, high percentage of rural populations and high infant mortality rates, demonstrating a typical profile of a third-world country which is experiencing ”Demographic Transition", However, inI However, in Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan, starting from the mid- 1970' s fertility began t decline and did not reverse. We might assume that these two republics already passed i t
Benzer Tezler
- Түркстан крайындагы уезддик шаарлардын социалдык-экономикалык абалы(xix к. экинчи жарымы – xx к. башы
Türkistan Bölgesindeki Uyezd şehirlerin sosyo-ekonomik durumu (19. yüzyılın ikinci yarısı - 20. yüzyılın başı)
GÜLNAZ ASKARBEK
Yüksek Lisans
Kırgızca
2024
TarihKırgızistan-Türkiye Manas ÜniversitesiTarih Ana Bilim Dalı
PROF. DR. CEENBEK ALIMBAEV
- La coopération entre les pays Turcophones et le nouveau régionalisme
Türk dili konuşan ülkeler arasinda işbirliği ve yeni bölgeselcilik
PELİN MUSABAY BAKİ
Doktora
Fransızca
2020
Uluslararası İlişkilerGalatasaray ÜniversitesiUluslararası İlişkiler Ana Bilim Dalı
DOÇ. DR. ALİ FAİK DEMİR
- Multipl Skleroz'un Orta Karadeniz Bölgesindeki prevalansı ve hastaların demografik özellikleri
The prevalence of Multiple Sclerosis in Middle Black Sea Region and demographic characteristics of patients
NESLİHAN ÜNAL AKDEMİR
Tıpta Uzmanlık
Türkçe
2011
DemografiOndokuz Mayıs ÜniversitesiNöroloji Ana Bilim Dalı
YRD. DOÇ. DR. MURAT TERZİ
- Etno-kültürel özellikleriyle Afganistan Türkmenleri: Demografik ve kültürel bir yaklaşım
Ethno-cultural characteristics of Turkmens of Afghanistan: A demographic and cultural approach
NURYAĞDI SOYER
- H. 963 / M. 1556 tarihli Mufassol Tahrir Defterine göre Bozok Sancağı'nın ekonomik ve demografik yapısı
According to detailed Books of Records Dated 963 A. H. / 1556 A. D. the Bozok District's economic and demographic construction
LÜTFİ ARSLAN