L'impact du travail à distance sur les femmes employées en col blanc: Une analyse dans le cadre de la société du risque
Uzaktan çalışmanın beyaz yakalı kadın çalışanlar üzerindeki etkisi: Risk toplumu bağlamında bir analiz
- Tez No: 911917
- Danışmanlar: DOÇ. DR. FEYZA AK AKYOL
- Tez Türü: Yüksek Lisans
- Konular: Sosyoloji, Sociology
- Anahtar Kelimeler: Belirtilmemiş.
- Yıl: 2024
- Dil: Fransızca
- Üniversite: Galatasaray Üniversitesi
- Enstitü: Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü
- Ana Bilim Dalı: Sosyoloji Ana Bilim Dalı
- Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
- Sayfa Sayısı: 118
Özet
Bu çalışma, COVID-19 pandemisinin ardından ortaya çıkan uzaktan çalışma uygulamalarının beyaz yakalı kadın çalışanların yaşamları üzerindeki etkilerini toplumsal cinsiyet eşitliği bağlamında incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır. 2019 yılında Çin'in Wuhan kentinde ortaya çıkan ve kısa sürede tüm dünyaya yayılan COVID-19 pandemisi, sosyal, ekonomik, politik ve kültürel alanlarda derin değişikliklere yol açmıştır. Pandemi süresince birçok ülke, uzaktan çalışma ve diğer önlemleri uygulamaya koyarak virüsün yayılımını durdurmaya çalışmıştır. Bu süreçte Türkiye'de uzaktan çalışma oranları, özellikle beyaz yakalı çalışanlar arasında önemli ölçüde artmıştır. Bu bağlamda, uzaktan çalışma modelinin getirdiği esneklik ve iş-yaşam dengesi üzerindeki etkileri, pandemi sonrası dönemde araştırmaya değer bir konu haline gelmiştir. Ulrich Beck'in risk toplumu teorisi, bu yeni çalışma modelinin kadınlar üzerindeki etkilerini anlamak için önemli bir perspektif sunmaktadır. Kadın çalışanlar araştırma konusunun öznesi olduğu için feminist teorileri okumak da araştırma perspektifini genişletmiştir. Ev içi emek ve kadın emeğinin değersizleştirilmesi gibi kuramsal yaklaşımlara sıklıkla referans verilmiştir. Bu çalışma, pandemi süresince ve sonrasında kadınların yaşadığı zorlukları, uzaktan çalışma ile değişen toplumsal cinsiyet rollerini ve bu sürecin kadınların iş hayatındaki yapısal eşitsizlikleri nasıl yeniden şekillendirdiğini ele alarak, bu alanda nitel araştırma yöntemleri ile gerçekleştirilen saha çalışmalarının sonuçlarını sunmaktadır.
Özet (Çeviri)
This study aims to examine the effects of remote working practices that emerged after the COVID-19 pandemic on the lives of white-collar female employees in the context of gender equality. The COVID-19 pandemic, which emerged in Wuhan, China, in 2019 and spread around the world in a short time, brought about profound changes in the social, economic, political and cultural spheres. During the pandemic, many countries tried to stop the spread of the virus by implementing teleworking and other measures. As part of this process, teleworking rates in Turkey increased significantly, particularly among white-collar workers. In this context, the flexibility provided by the telework model and its effects on work-life balance have become a worthy research topic in the post-pandemic period. Ulrich Beck's theory of the risk society offers an important perspective for understanding the effects of this new work model on women. Since women workers are the subject of the research, reading feminist theories has also broadened the research perspective. Theoretical approaches such as domestic labour and devaluation of women's labour were frequently referenced. This study presents the results of field studies conducted using qualitative research methods in this field, addressing the difficulties encountered by women during and after the pandemic, the changing roles of men and women with teleworking, and the way in which this process is reshaping structural inequalities in women's working lives. In the post-pandemic period, the spread of hybrid or remote working practices has made it possible to examine this working model within the framework of the theory of the risk society. The qualitative research method was favoured in order to carry out in-depth analyses and gather information, making it possible to obtain data on the feelings, thoughts and experiences of the participants. The flexibility of the qualitative research method meant that the research design could be revised according to the results of the interviews. In the fieldwork part of the research, the aim was to understand the participants' perspectives, feelings and experiences by interacting directly with them. To this end, interviews were conducted using a qualitative research method and observations were made in the participants' natural environment. The sample was made up of women in white-collar jobs, married, single, with or without children, living with their families or on their own. This diversity made it possible to compare different experiences. All the interviews were conducted online, allowing participants a degree of flexibility in terms of participation. The data obtained from the interviews was coded and analysed using thematic analysis. Participants' statements, frequently repeated words and common concepts used were analysed. In addition, the participants' preferred study design and the reasons why they chose this design were also assessed. This paper begins with a discussion of the concept of the 'risk society' developed by the German sociologist Ulrich Beck, which focuses on the new types of risks and social transformations facing modern societies. He explains how industrialisation in the 19th century led to profound changes in social structures, and how the Industrial Revolution marked the beginning of the transition to a society in which risks are increasingly globalised and complex. By drawing attention to the key concepts of Beck's theory, particularly the concept of individualisation, the study highlights the need for individuals to make individual risk management decisions as a result of the weakening of traditional collective structures. In the context of the social transformations created by the risk society, this study aims to take an in-depth look at how modern global risks and these new dynamics affect women's lives. Gender inequality is a phenomenon historically based on the roles of men and women and has existed in different forms from ancient times to the present day. Today, the Covid-19 pandemic and the remote working model have added a new dimension to this inequality. Although Covid-19 was not the first pandemic in world history, its global impact has brought about significant changes throughout the world. The pursuit of forms of work that do not require physical presence, the natural increase in time spent at home and the flexibility of working in the same field with other people at home have led to a redistribution of domestic roles. The question of whether this redistribution is based on the principle of equality between women and men or whether it is an element that feeds inequality between women and men is a matter of great concern. In particular, these changes in working conditions offer an important perspective that should be assessed in the context of gender inequality. The 'Women in Work' report prepared by PWC evaluates indicators such as women's participation in the labour force, the unemployment rate and the gender pay gap on a global scale. Published in 2021, the report analyses the impact of COVID-19 on working women. According to the report, the COVID-19 pandemic has created an obstacle to the economic empowerment of women in OECD countries. Women have lost more jobs than men as a result of the pandemic, and the service and care sectors, where women predominantly work, have been the hardest hit by the pandemic. This has reduced women's participation in the labour force. The OECD suggests that by 2030, the normal rate of improvement should be doubled so that progress in gender equality can offset the impact of the pandemic on women's working lives. The 2024 report addresses similar themes and indicates that flexible working arrangements could be implemented as a measure following a reassessment of the negative impact of Covid-19 on women workers. Increasing the participation of women in the workforce has an accelerating effect on economic growth. According to the report, the increase in flexible working hours and teleworking opportunities in the workplace is helping to facilitate women's participation in the workforce. The concept of inequality between men and women in working life, which has been debated and policies developed for centuries, has undergone a change with the impact of the pandemic and teleworking, and this study examines how working women are affected by this change. The COVID-19 pandemic has played an important role in the proliferation of telework, leading to significant changes at both professional and personal levels. The way in which teleworking exacerbates inequalities between men and women is highlighted with references to various studies. The challenges faced by women, such as the lack of a private workspace, increased domestic responsibilities and reduced visibility within companies, are some of the critical points highlighted in the literature. One of the main criteria to be assessed in this study, in which we examine the effects of the teleworking model, which has become widespread in recent years, particularly on women employees, is the potential impact of the teleworking model on work-life balance due to its nature. Work-life balance is a concept defined as the ability to separate and balance work and private life. With the spread of teleworking, it is to be expected that women will find it difficult to achieve this balance. The reason for this is the increase in time spent at home, the blurring of the boundary between working hours and leisure time, and the difficulty of making a clear distinction. It has been observed that women find it more difficult than men to achieve this balance when teleworking. Gender roles and social expectations put greater pressure on women, who are expected to combine work, domestic and childcare responsibilities. This study aims to understand the effects of homeworking practices on female employees in the wake of the Covid-19 pandemic and how these effects are shaped in the context of gender equality. The research aims to understand the effects of the new ways of working brought about by the pandemic on female employees and to examine reflections on these effects in the context of gender equality. As part of the research, online interviews were conducted with 15 female employees and the data from these interviews was evaluated using qualitative analysis methods. Analysis of similar studies in the literature leads to the conclusion that teleworking has a growing effect on inequality between men and women. In many studies conducted during and after the pandemic period, it is reported that women's domestic burdens have increased and that the flexibility provided by teleworking works mainly to women's disadvantage. The results of the research reviewed in the literature show that, although in some situations the teleworking model is advantageous for women, it generally has effects that increase gender inequality. In particular, it has been established that women find it more difficult than men to reconcile work and private life, that their professional performance is affected by their increased domestic responsibilities and that this situation hinders their career progression. The research findings also show that the effects of teleworking on women need to be taken into account, as do the social isolation and increased sense of loneliness engendered by the pandemic. In particular, it shows that women are distanced from their social environment as a result of teleworking, which increases the feeling of loneliness in the long term. The report also looks at how the new regulations and flexible working patterns introduced into working life by the pandemic are affecting the representation and rights of women in the workforce. During the pandemic period, the remote working model was introduced in Turkey, as in other countries, in order to prevent the spread of the pandemic. This system change has become permanent, particularly in white-collar sectors that do not require a physical presence. In the context of the research, the aim is to assess how this system change affects women employees from different angles. The research looks at the effects of teleworking practices on gender equality and compares the experiences of female employees and the challenges they face. The study highlights the need to ensure equal representation of women in working life and to reassess teleworking models in the context of gender equality. This reassessment does not have a negative meaning as can be read in the literature. Prior to the research, assumptions and hypotheses that the concept of telework would increase gender inequality were highlighted. This is because studies in the literature have revealed similar results. The widespread use of teleworking practices has increased the time spent at home, leading to an even more unbalanced division of domestic tasks. While the literature states that teleworking practices increase gender inequality, no similar conclusions have been drawn in this area of research. As indicated in the analysis section, the teleworking model has a facilitating effect on the organisation of social life, home organisation, childcare, personal time and life in general for employed women. The results of the research show that the teleworking model offers advantages from different points of view. Female employees with children feel that teleworking increases the amount of time they spend with their children, while those without children find the model advantageous in terms of the time they allocate to their personal lives. According to the data obtained as part of the research, teleworking is particularly attractive to mothers, as it makes it easier to organise the family and reduces the distance between home and work. Although each participant shared different views on the advantages and disadvantages of teleworking, they said that the hybrid working model was the most ideal way of working. As a sociology student and a white-collar worker, my own experiences and observations motivated me to work in this field. Based on my personal experience, I can say that the remote work model is an important criterion for choosing a career, especially for female employees. Women who fear losing the right to telework say that returning to the old work model means being backward. Female employees who have a certain amount of capital have a more balanced sharing of domestic responsibilities thanks to the freedoms offered by telework. Remote work practices provide female employees with a surplus of capital in economic, cultural and social terms from different points of view and this situation is one of the main reasons for women's preference. The main reason for the differences between the results in the literature and those in the study is related to the fact that the studies reviewed in the literature were conducted immediately after the pandemic. The environment of uncertainty created by the pandemic, the risk factor, and the lack of experience and sufficient infrastructure for remote work made it difficult to find a balance in the new work order. In the present study, the views of women who worked remotely for about 4 years after the pandemic were taken into consideration and the workers got used to this new model and were able to reorganize their lives accordingly. In addition, it is assumed that female employees with negative views and experiences about remote work practices may have withdrawn from the labour market or preferred a career entirely devoted to office work, and these individuals are not included in our sample.
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