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Antep'te büyüme makinesi; büyüme koalisyonları bağlamında yerel aktörler ve planlama kararları ilişkisi

The growth machine in Antep: The relationship between local actors and planning decisions in the context of growth coalitions

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  1. Tez No: 935918
  2. Yazar: AHMET SERHAT KARADUMAN
  3. Danışmanlar: PROF. DR. MURAT CEMAL YALÇINTAN
  4. Tez Türü: Doktora
  5. Konular: Şehircilik ve Bölge Planlama, Urban and Regional Planning
  6. Anahtar Kelimeler: Belirtilmemiş.
  7. Yıl: 2025
  8. Dil: Türkçe
  9. Üniversite: Mimar Sinan Güzel Sanatlar Üniversitesi
  10. Enstitü: Lisansüstü Eğitim Enstitüsü
  11. Ana Bilim Dalı: Şehir ve Bölge Planlama Ana Bilim Dalı
  12. Bilim Dalı: Şehircilik Bilim Dalı
  13. Sayfa Sayısı: 453

Özet

Bu çalışma, Gaziantep kentindeki kentsel büyüme süreçlerini Büyüme Makinesi teorisi çerçevesinde ele alarak, kentteki sosyal, ekonomik, mekânsal ve yönetimsel dinamikleri incelemektedir. 1980 sonrası Türkiye'de uygulanan ekonomik politikalar, sanayi sektörünü ihracata dayalı bir büyüme sürecine yönlendirmiş ve bu dönüşüm Gaziantep'te önemli bir sermaye birikimi yaratmıştır. Bununla birlikte, küreselleşme ve ihracata dayalı ekonomik büyüme stratejileri Gaziantep'i bir sanayi kenti olarak öne çıkarmıştır. Sanayileşme süreci, Gaziantep'i bölgesel ve ulusal düzeyde öne çıkaran bir ekonomik büyüme dinamiği yaratmıştır. Artan işgücü talebi ve sanayi sektörünün genişlemesi, kente yönelik göçü hızlandırmış, bu durum ise konut talebini ve kentsel büyüme süreçlerine olan ilgiyi artırmıştır. Sanayi üretiminin artmasıyla birlikte, kentsel alanların ekonomik potansiyeli daha fazla öne çıkmış ve bu alanlara olan ilgi artmıştır. Bu bağlamda kentte son 20 yıllık süreçte kentsel alanların geliştirilmesine yönelik uygulamaların yaygınlaştığı ve mekansal büyümenin giderek genişlediği bir konjonktür oluşmuştur. Bu konjonktür içerisinde gayrimenkul fiyatlarının ciddi artışlar gösterirken; kentte büyük ölçekli konut projeleri dikkat çekmektedir. Bu çalışma, büyüme makinesi teorisini merkezine alarak kentsel büyüme süreçlerine ve bu süreçlerde etkili olan kesimlere odaklanmaktadır. Bu kapsamda Gaziantep özelinde seçilen dört örnek vaka üzerinden kentsel büyüme süreçleri ortaya konulmuştur. Yapılan derinlemesine görüşmeler ve saha çalışmaları, farklı kesimlerin kentleşme süreçlerine nasıl dahil olduğunu açıklarken; bu kesimler ve etkileşimlerinin kentsel büyüme süreçlerini nasıl şekillendirdiğini ortaya koymaktadır. Çalışmanın temel bulgularından biri, Gaziantep'te kentsel büyüme süreçlerinde farklı aktörlerin öne çıkması ve bu süreçlere çeşitli biçimlerde katkı sağlamasıdır. Araştırma, sanayileşme, göç ve kentleşme dinamiklerinin etkileşimini analiz ederek, büyüme sürecinin nasıl şekillendiğine dair kapsamlı bir çerçeve sunmaktadır. Klasik büyüme makinesi modelinde öne çıkan geliştiriciler koalisyonun merkezinde yer alırken, Gaziantep özelinde farklı ekonomik ve yönetsel aktörlerin büyüme süreçlerinde belirleyici roller üstlendiği gözlemlenmiştir. Yerel yönetimler, bu bağlam içerisinde, yalnızca düzenleyici bir aktör olmakla kalmayıp, kimi zaman doğrudan yönlendirici bir işlev de üstlenmektedir. Diğer taraftan 2000 sonrası dönemde, merkezi hükümetin kentleşme politikaları ve inşaat sektörüne verdiği öncelik, kentsel büyüme süreçlerini hızlandırmış ve yerel aktörlerin bu süreçlerdeki rollerini etkilemiştir. Bu bağlamda, çalışma merkezi yönetimin büyüme makinelerinin oluşumundaki rolüne de dikkat çekmekte; Gaziantep özelindeki bazı uygulamalarda merkezi yönetimin büyüme makinesini destekleyici bir konumda olduğuna işaret etmektedir. Sonuç olarak, Gaziantep'te kentsel büyüme süreci, çeşitli aktörlerin etkileşimiyle şekillenen bir yapı sergilemektedir. Bu süreçte ekonomik ve yönetsel dinamiklerin, yerel mekânsal dönüşümleri nasıl etkilediği analiz edilerek, büyüme makinesi teorisinin Türkiye bağlamında nasıl şekillendiğine dair önemli veriler sunulmaktadır. Çalışma, Gaziantep özelinde geliştirilen büyüme dinamiklerinin uluslararası büyüme makinesi literatürüyle ilişkisini kurarak, Türkiye bağlamında büyüme makinesi literatürüne teorik bir katkı sunmayı amaçlamaktadır.

Özet (Çeviri)

This study examines the urban growth processes in the city of Antep within the framework of Growth Machine theory, analyzing the economic, spatial, and governance dynamics of the city. The economic policies implemented in Turkey after 1980 led the industrial sector toward an export-oriented growth process, which resulted in significant capital accumulation in Gaziantep. As industrialization accelerated, the city gained prominence in terms of economic growth at both regional and national levels. This growth not only encouraged industrial investments but also accelerated migration to the city, increasing housing demand and interest in urban land. With industrialization, Antep became an economically significant city at both regional and national scales. The development of the industrial sector accelerated migration to the city, and the growing labor demand, along with industrial expansion, led to a rapid increase in housing needs. The Syrian Civil War in 2011 and the subsequent mass migration further reinforced this process, driving up housing and real estate prices. The boom in the real estate market positioned property investment as a prominent economic tool. This study analyzes the roles of key actors in Antep's urban growth process, examining the dynamic relationships between industrialization, migration, and urbanization. Particularly after 2000, central government policies on urbanization and the prioritization of the construction sector accelerated urbanization processes and influenced the roles of local actors in these transformations. With the rise of industrial production, the economic potential of urban land became more prominent, making real estate investments a crucial component of urban growth. The tendency of capital accumulation, derived from industrialization and export capacity, to flow into real estate and construction sectors is a striking phenomenon in the case of Gaziantep. In this process, it has been observed that different economic actors have taken on a more decisive role in urban expansion and become increasingly interested in urban growth. The primary aim of this study is to explain how capital accumulation from various sectors is directed into space and which actors shape this process. The study examines the roles of influential actors in Antep's growth process through four case studies. These cases are significant in terms of revealing the strategies, practices, and impacts of actors shaping urban growth. The study analyzes planning documents, plan amendments, explanatory reports, and local media coverage regarding these cases. Additionally, 29 in-depth interviews were conducted with representatives from different professional groups. The in-depth interviews and field research shed light on how various stakeholders influence urbanization processes and the mechanisms that drive these transformations. One of the key findings of this study is the prominence of specific actors in Antep's urban growth processes and their various contributions to these processes. While developers and the real estate sector are central in the classical growth machine model, in Antep's case, different economic and governance actors play more active roles in growth processes. At this point, it is evident that industrialization is directly linked to urbanization. Industrialists and trade actors, especially due to the significant increase in export capacity over the last two decades and the resulting capital accumulation, have become more involved in shaping urban space. The surplus capital generated by industrial expansion has been directed toward urban land, with institutional industrial capital accumulating land and real estate, thus fostering a highly commodified and speculative real estate market. Through speculative news in the local media, property prices are artificially inflated, leading to substantial profits. The accumulated land and plots are then incorporated into zoning plans using the planning tools available to local governments, increasing their development potential. In the next phase, institutional industrial capital groups establish construction companies directly involved in real estate projects. In this unique growth machine model of Gaziantep, the primary rentier class consists of institutional industrial capital groups, with trade capital also integrated into this structure. Additionally, semi-professional occupational groups and other investors capable of purchasing land and property participate in rent-seeking activities. However, the dominant role of institutional industrial capital groups in urban development projects and the expansion of urban growth areas is particularly noteworthy. The findings from case studies and interviews support this conclusion. Another variation of the growth machine operating in Gaziantep involves the active role of the metropolitan municipality in preparing and implementing urban development plans and projects. In the two examined cases, the metropolitan municipality has used its planning tools to increase land value and generate revenue by directly selling urban land. In another case, undeveloped land within the city was acquired through negotiations with landowners, using donation agreements, and later auctioned to generate revenue. Institutional industrial capital groups and construction companies showed the greatest interest in these land sales. These cases illustrate a growth machine model where the metropolitan municipality acts as a developer. Additionally, to ensure political sustainability and improve housing access for low-income groups, new zoning plans have been developed on public lands, leading to the construction of housing projects. These cases, encountered during the research process, were included in the analysis as additional examples. While these initiatives create business opportunities for construction firms, they also trigger land accumulation by institutional capital groups in surrounding urban areas. Another noteworthy aspect is the involvement of the relevant ministry of the central government in these public land projects. In this context, the central government establishes the legal and administrative framework necessary for the operation of growth machines in Antep, while also supporting local governments through land intensification activities during economic crises. This suggests that, within Turkey's context, localities form their own internal growth machines while the central government acts as both a regulator and a stabilizer during economic downturns. Thus, in the Antep growth machine model, operating through two different variations, institutional capital and local government emerge as the most active actors. Local governments play a supportive and approving role in urban development projects dominated by institutional capital, whereas in projects where they take a direct role, they function as developers. The impact of the real estate and construction sectors on the growth process can be observed in various areas, from changes in housing prices to large-scale urban projects. Real estate agencies actively assist institutional industrial groups in land and property accumulation and market manipulation. Within the growth coalition identified in Gaziantep, these agencies act as intermediaries. The construction sector, however, operates in two distinct ways: while institutional capital groups engage in urban development through their construction firms, smaller local construction companies—often run by long-time migrants from nearby cities—function as final product providers within the growth coalition, with limited influence on urban development. Additionally, local media play a manipulative role in the promotion of development plans and projects within the growth coalition. Another important finding is the role of the state in the formation of growth machines. Particularly after 2000, shifts in urbanization policies have positioned the construction sector as a key determinant of the urban economy. The legal and administrative framework established by the central government has increased interest in profits derived from urban land. Although recent years have seen the central government consolidating planning authority under the relevant ministry, local governments still retain significant planning tools that provide them with advantages in urban development processes. The relationship between local and central governments is critical in this context. The findings of this study suggest that local governments, through their planning tools, not only facilitate capital accumulation for industrial groups but also develop urban expansion projects as a means of securing both political and economic sustainability. Consequently, in the case of Gaziantep, urban land is perceived as an economic asset, directly linked to growth policies. The real estate market has evolved from merely serving housing needs to becoming an integral part of large-scale economic investments. This has resulted in the transformation of urban space according to the interests of specific actors. What does the growth machine in Gaziantep provide to the city? In line with the theoretical framework of growth machine theory, the Antep model of the growth machine also brings costs, such as spatial segregation, environmental problems, traffic congestion, a lack of green spaces, and rising temperatures due to increased urbanization. Investments in real estate have led to excessively high property prices, making housing accessibility a significant issue. However, in times of economic crisis, the Antep growth machine is expected to slow down and face difficulties. Gaziantep, which is one of Turkey's most industrialized cities, has recently witnessed worker strikes due to economic downturns. Whether the Antep growth machine will continue to operate under prolonged economic crises remains a subject for further research. This study provides significant insights into how the Growth Machine theory operates within the Turkish context and analyzes the unique urban growth dynamics of Antep. It explores the role of local actors in urbanization processes, the organization of growth processes, and the intertwined regulatory and interventionist roles of local governments. In conclusion, urbanization processes in Antep are shaped by economic dynamics, local government policies, and industrialization. The interest of industrial capital, local governments, and other economic actors in spatial transformation is crucial for understanding the city's growth model. By analyzing the interplay between local, national, and global dynamics in growth processes, this study presents an important evaluation of how Growth Machine theory functions in the Turkish context.

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