Plastik kökenli yer döşeme kaplamaları
Plastic origin floor coverings
- Tez No: 101143
- Danışmanlar: PROF.DR. EROL GÜRDAL
- Tez Türü: Yüksek Lisans
- Konular: Mimarlık, Architecture
- Anahtar Kelimeler: Belirtilmemiş.
- Yıl: 2000
- Dil: Türkçe
- Üniversite: İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi
- Enstitü: Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü
- Ana Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
- Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
- Sayfa Sayısı: 88
Özet
PLASTİK KÖKENLİ YER DÖŞEME KAPLAMALARI ÖZET Bu tez plastik esaslı yer döşeme malzemelerinin fiziksel halinin deneysel olarak incelenmesidir, ikinci bölümde plastik yapı malzemesinin gruplandınlması, kullanım alam ve gelişim süreci anlatılmıştır. Üçüncü bölümde plastiklerin mekanik davranışlarını etkileyen fiziksel ve kimyasal özellikler (zincir şekilleri, stereo düzen, amorf ve kristalin yapı vb.) anlatılmıştır. Dördüncü bölümde Linolyumun hammaddesi, üretimi, sımflandırılması anlatılmıştır. Beşinci bölüm plastik esaslı yer döşeme malzemelerinin teknik özellikleri ve İTÜ Mimarlık Fakültesi Malzeme Laboratuan' nda yapılan çalışmalardan; aşınma, çekme, eskitme ve yüzey sertlikleri deneyleri ifade edilmiştir. Sonraki bölümde plastik esaslı yer döşeme malzemelerinin uygulamasında ne gibi hususlara dikkat edilmesi gerektiği, ayrıca bakım ve temizlik yöntemleri anlatılmıştır.
Özet (Çeviri)
PLASTIC ORIGIN FLOOR COVERINGS SUMMARY Early attempts to design with plastics by using material properties generated with the same testing procedures and the same design rules that were commonly used for metals produced products of poor quality. The reputation of cheap plastic parts become a stigma that still must be overcome in many product lines. The first uses of plastics tended to be a substitution basis, often involving components that were not intended to carry significant loads. The motivations were that plastics were less expensive, lighter in weight, did not corrode, and could be coloured throughout. Unfortunately these applications frequently involved moderate heat, sunlight or chemical exposures that led to unsightly appearance if not outright cracking and failure. Distortion of parts due to creep and the much lower modulus of most plastics also produced unsatisfactory performance. Gradually engineers and designers who were serious about using and could see the many advantages they had to offer as true engineering materials, began to take a more careful look at how to actually design with plastics. They also began to demand a more consistent product from the plastics suppliers. Batch to batch variation of early polymers was quite unacceptable product life. Designing with plastics was thus on an evolutionary track. Designers began to learn more about how to work with materials that had low modulus, were significantly lower in strength, were much more temperature-sensitive, and whose properties were time dependent. At the same time raw stock producers were learning how to build consistency into their products. And, of course, new and improved plastics with enhanced properties were being developed at an increasing rate. XIToday plastics have become increasingly important in industry. Plastics are used in many applications, ranging from food packing to aerospace industry. Because plastics are different from other materials, different design approach must be applied. This thesis is written about the plastic floor coverings which is PVC and Linoleum. The text is divided into six chapters. The first chapters is introduction. The second chapter covers the physical structure and molecular configuration of the polymer materials. Because mechanical properties of plastics depend on chemical and physical structure. For example thermoplastics have linear molecules. In linear molecules, there are strong covalent bonds between molecules that form the chain. And there are Van der Waals force between chains. This force is weak and temperatures - sensitive. When plastics is heated, it becomes weak. Linear chains can form crystalline structure which has high tensile strength. Thermoset plastics have cross linked molecules. The molecules which form the structure are bonded to each other strong bonds. These bonds break at only high temperatures. The product classification of floorcovering divided into two groups in Europe: 1- The European norms: Along with the various European norms defining the test methods to be used to evaluate a floorcovering. In order to be more precise, the different product types have been regrouped as fallow: EN 649 EN 650 EN 651 EN 652 EN 653 EN 654 EN 655 Homogeneous and heterogeneous products Vinyl on support (polyester, jute...) Vinyl on foam Vinyl on a cork support Cushion floor Semi-flexible tiles Cork tiles with a vinyl wear-layer xn2- The European classification: The European normalization team (cen 134) has defined the following different product classes of use corresponding to theoretical use constraints: Class 21 Class 22 Class 23 Class 31 Class 32 Class 41 Class 33 Class 42 Class 34 Class 43 Residential Moderate Residential General Residential Heavy Commercial Moderate Commercial General Light Industrial Moderate Commercial Heavy Light Industrial General Commercial Very Heavy Light Industrial Heavy Polymers may also have chain extensions or branches perpendicular to the linear polymer chain. Branched polymers, which occupy more volume than linear polymers, have low density and low specific gravity. However, because the branch chains are not attached to other chains, they are considered to be thermoplastics. Thermoplastics usually consist of mixtures of long - chain molecules with different molecular weights. Proteins, for example, consist of polymers with identical molecular weights and are known as monodisperse structures. Commonly occurring mixtures of polymers are known as polydisperse structures. Therefore, most molecular weight values for synthetic thermoplastics are average values. Very low molecular weight polymers are called oligomers, and high molecular weight polymers consisting of multiples of the same repeat unit are called homopolymers. The term homopolymer is used to differentiate between macromolecules with more than one repeat unit (copolymers) and those with multiples of the same repeat unit. However, the term polymer usually indicates a homopolymer. The size of an average thermoplastics homopolymer can be designated by its degree of polymerization or number of repeat units. XlllThe physical structure is examined in two ways: stereo regularity and arrangement of molecul chains. If a polymer chain is to crystallize it must have a regular molecular structure. By regular is meant that the shape repeats itself at regular intervals. Symmetric chains (linear, isotactic, syndiotactic) form crystalline structure and non- symmetric chain form amorphous structure. In chapter four is related Linoleum floor covering. In 1870 Frederick Walton of Great Britain patented a process for making linoleum, the first widely used smooth surfaced floor covering. Plain linoleum, without design, was popular until the mid 1930s, when decorative linoleum was developed in the U.S., made from mixtures of asbestos fiber, mineral fillers, and asphalt, and although light colored resins, not containing asphalt, became available within the next 10 years, the name asphalt tile persists in the U.S. for this type of flooring. Linoleum is produced by pressing a sheet containing oxidized linseed oil, gums and resins, ground cork or wood flour, and pigments on to a backing, and it is hung huge curing stoves to toughen. The different types of linoleum that have been made recently are listed below. The types which are still made today are underlined: (1) Burlap backing (A) Calendered (1) Battleship (2) Plain (3) (a) Decorated effects (b) Jaspe (c) Marbelized (B) Static conductive linoleum (2) Felt backing (A) Calendered (1) (a) Decorated effects (b) Jaspe (c) Marbelized (2) Plain XIV(B) Molded inlaid (1) Decorated (repeating patterns) (2) Decorated and embossed (C) Straight line inlaid The next chapter, explanation about technical properties of the floor covering. The most useful tests to evaluate the floorcoverings are the following ones: ? Resistance to fire ? Resistance to indentation forces ? Dimensional stability ? Castor chair resistance ? Chemical resistance ? Light resistance ? Impact sound absorption ? Thermal resistance ? Electrical resistance ? Abrasion resistance Besides this research of technical properties equipment of the Faculty of Architectures' s Building materials Laboratories are used materials abrasion, traction and wear out surface hardness measure are done. The results are compared with the materials with in themselves. In the last chapter is explained about application and maintenance of floor coverings. Subfloor has to be flat, clean, safe and dry, hard and repairs for subfloor defects. Maintenance: cleaning off, protective treatment, day to day maintenance and periodic maintenance. Adhesives or glues of floor coverings must be water based or solvent based. xv1. GİRİŞ Günümüzde plastikler, oldukça önemli bir konuma gelmişlerdir. Artık plastiklerin kullanım alam makine endüstrisinden film endüstrisine, ev eşyalarından mimarlık malzeme ve elemanlarına kadar geniş bir kullanım alam içerir. Plastik malzemeler, İkinci Dünya Savaşı yıllarından başlayarak ve üstün nitelikleri dikkate alınarak değerlendirilmeye başlanmıştır. Ucuz ve hafif malzeme oluşu ile seri üretime uygunluğu sonucu döneminin ihtiyaçlarım karşılamış, ucuzluğu sonucu geniş kitlelere hitap etmiştir. Plastikler ilk olarak daha çok, dekoratif parçalarda ve önemli miktarda yük taşımayan parçalarda kullanılmıştır. Plastik kullanımına yol açan faktörler, plastiklerin ucuz ve hafif olması, korozyona uğramaması ve kolayca renklendirilebilmeleri olmuştur. Plastikler, sıcaklıktan, güneş ışığından ve kimyasal maddelerden etkileniyor, dış yüzeylerde çatlaklar ve bozulmalar görülüyordu. Bunun yanında, sürünme nedeniyle ortaya çıkan şekil değiştirmeler ve düşük elastiklik modülleri nedeniyle, plastik malzemelerden istenen performans alınamıyordu. Bütün bunlara rağmen, plastik kullanımında ciddi olan mühendis ve tasarımcılar, plastiklerle gerçekten nasıl tasarım yapılacağı konusuna daha dikkatli bakmaya başladılar. Aym zamanda, hammadde üreticilerinden daha kaliteli ve partiden partiye özellikleri değişmeyen ürünler talep etmeye başladılar. Çünkü ilk polimerlerde özellikler partiden partiye değişiyordu. Bu da nihai mamulün kalitesini ve ömrünü düşürmekteydi. Bu nedenlerden dolayı plastiklerle tasarım aşama aşama gelişmiştir. Zamanla tasarımcılar, elastiklik modülleri ve dayanımları düşük, sıcaklığa daha duyarlı ve özellikleri zamana bağlı olan bu malzemelerle nasıl çalışılacağı hakkında daha fazla
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