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Amasra bölgesi kömürlerinin değerlendirilme olanaklarının araştırılması

The Upgrading possibilities of Amasra region coals

  1. Tez No: 14153
  2. Yazar: İHSAN TOROĞLU
  3. Danışmanlar: PROF.DR. GÜVEN ÖNAL
  4. Tez Türü: Doktora
  5. Konular: Maden Mühendisliği ve Madencilik, Mining Engineering and Mining
  6. Anahtar Kelimeler: Belirtilmemiş.
  7. Yıl: 1990
  8. Dil: Türkçe
  9. Üniversite: İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi
  10. Enstitü: Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü
  11. Ana Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
  12. Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
  13. Sayfa Sayısı: 139

Özet

ÖZET Bu araştırma, Amasra Bölgesinde üretim faaliyeti sürdürülen üç kömür sahasından alınan temsili numunelerin fiziksel, kimyasal, pet rografik özellikleri; yıkanabilme, flotasyon ile zenginleştirme; kö mür kül içeriğinin koklaşma özellikleri üzerine yaptığı etkilerin sap tanması ve kömür karışımlarının koklaştırılmasında, karışıma ilave edilebilecek maksimum Amasra kömürü miktarının saptanması için yapılan deneyleri ve deneylere ait değerlendirmeleri kapsamaktadır. Amasra, Kurucaşile ve Azdavay kömürlerinin kül İçeriği metalur- jik kok üretimi için çok yüksek değerde olduğu için bu iri boyutlu kö mürlerin (-100+0.5 mm boyut aralığı) fiziksel yöntemlerle, 0.5 mm al tı kömürlerin ise flotasyonla zenginleştirilmesi hedeflenmiştir. Yı kanabilme özelliklerinin saptanması için yüzdürme-batırma deneyleri yapılmış ve elde edilen ürünlerin kimyasal ve koklaşma özellikleri tes- bit edilmiştir. Kül içeriğinin koklaşma özelliklerini olumsuz yönde etkilediği gözlenmiş ve külün % 1 oranında artmasının toplam dilatas- yonda % 10 oranında bir azalmaya neden olduğu belirlenmiştir. Kokla- şabilir özellik gösteren Azdavay ve Kurucaşile kömürleri % 9 'un üze rinde kül içerdiklerinde koklaşma gücü olarak tariflenen“G”faktörü değerinin l'ın altına düştüğü görülmüştür. Ayrıca Kurucaşile, Azdavay ve Zonguldak kömürlerine karıştırıla- bilecek maksimum Amasra kömürünü saptamak üzere deneyler de yapılmış ve Amasra kömürü, Azdavay kömürü ile en çok % 20 oranında, Zonguldak kömürü ile de en çok % 23 oranında karıştırıldığında metalurjik kok elde edilebileceği saptanmıştır. Amasra kömürüyle, Kurucaşile kömü ründen harman kok elde etmek için yapılan deneylerde; metalurjik pro sesler için mekanik dayanımı yeterli kok üretilmesine karşın, Kuruca şile kömürünün kükürt içeriğinin yüksek olması nedeniyle, bu harman kokun demir-çelik endüstrisinde kullanılamayacağı anlaşılmıştır. -V-

Özet (Çeviri)

SUMMARY Bituminous coal deposits in Turkey are found in the Zonguldak Basin which extends eastward from Ereğli on the Black Sea coast to Kurucaşile, Amasra. Coal produced in the Kozlu, Üzülmez and Karadon districts of the Zonguldak Basin exhibits good coking properties, while the Armutçuk and Amasra coals are of pcor coking quality. Turkey has reserves of about 1.4 billion tons of bituminous coal out of which Amasra and Armutçuk coals constitute approximately thirty percent of the total reserves. Therefore, it is necessary to find ways to utilize Turkish coals of poor ccking quality for the production of metallurgical coke. This study evaluates the coking properties of Amasra, Kurucaşile and Azdavay coal, producing areas in Amasra Region. The evaluation has been performed in three major steps: (i) the washability, flotation and coking properties of coals, (ii) the effect of ash content of coals on the coking capacity, and (iii) the maximum amount of Amasra coals for producing coal blends with Kurucaşile, Azdavay and Zonguldak coal. The raw coal from the Amasra Coal Bed assays 6.10 % moisture, 47.60 % ash, 1.00 % total sulphur, 51.30 % volatile matter ( Dry and Ash-Free Basis) and 25.52 % fixed carbon with 6392 kcal/kg (Dry and Ash-Free Basis) upper calorific value. The raw coal from the Kurucaşile Coal Bed assays 6.90 % moisture, 40.35 % ash, 2.43 % total sulphur, 43.27 % volatile matter (Dry and Ash-Free Basis) and 33.84 % fixed carbon with 7711 kcal/kg (Dry and Ash-Free Basis) upper calorific value. The raw coal from the Azdavay Coal Bed assays 4.40 % moisture, 42.45 % ash, 1.30 % total sulphur 29.68 % volatile matter (Dry and Ash-Free Basis) and 40.47 % fixed carbon with 7976 kcal/kg (Dry and Ash-Free Basis) upper calorific value. The proximate analysis, reveals that the coals in Amasra Region are not suitable for metallurgical coke manufacturing as they contain high ash. Since those coals sampled from the three coalbeds exhibit different petrographic and proximate features, each has been upgraded by different techniques. The flaot-and-sink technique on 0.5 mm ma terials has been performed to determine the most suitable process for upgrading those coals. Flotation applied on minus 0.5 mm coal produced a clean coal with very low ash content. The following results have been obtained on the washability characteristics of coals. The size range of -100 + 50 mm of Amasra coal was washed at 1 75 specific gravity, the ash content could be reduced from 48.45 % to 18 95 with 46.7 % yield whereas the ash content of clean coal washed -VI-at 1.45 specific gravity was reduced to 10.44 % with 24.9 % yield. The size range of -50 + 1 9irm of Anasra coal was washed at 1.75 specific gravity, the ash content could be reduced from 48.5 % to 17.54 % with 50.9 % yield whereas the content of the clean coal washed at 1.45 spe cific gravity was reduced to 10.33 % with 32.8 % yield. The size range of -19 + 6 mm of Amasra coal was washed at 1.75 specific gravity, the ash content could be reduced from 43.50 % to 15.09 % with 55.7 % yield whereas the ash content of the clean coal washed at f.45 specific gravity was reduced to 8.75% with 39.2 % yield. The size range of -6 + 0. 5 mm of Amasra coal was washed at 1.75 specific gravity, the ash content could be reduced from 45.34 % to 12.35 % with 51.6 % yield whereas the ash content of the clean coal washed at 1.45 specific gra vity, was reduced to 6.93 % with 39.2 % yield. When the washability curves of Amasra coal was interpolated to the.size range of -100 + 0.5 mm. These coals were found to be washable in specific gravities higher than 1.70. For this reason, if the coal was washed of 1.75 specific gravity, the ash content could be reduced from 46.4 % to 16.12 % with 51.0 % yield whereas the coal was washed at 1.45 specific gravity the ash content in the clean coal was reduced to 9.06 % with 33.5 % yield. The size range of -50 + 19 mm of Kurucaşile coal was washed at 1.75 specific gravity, the ash content could be reduced from 41.04 % to 18.59 % with 60.7% yield whereas the ash content of the clean coal washed at 1.45 specific gravity was reduced to 12.84 % with 38.3 % yield. The size range of -19 + 3.36 mm of Kurucaşile coal was washed at 1.75 specific gravity, the ash content could be reduced from 32.26% to 10.62% with 68.7% yield whereas the ash content of the clean coal washed at 1.45 specific gravity was reduced to 8.21 % with 59.6 % yield. The size range of -3.36 + 1.0 mm of Kurucaşile coal was washed at 1.75 specific gravity, the ash content could be reduced from 34.31 % to 11.46% with 67.1% yield whereas the ash content of the clean coal washed at 1.45 specific gratiy was reduced to 7.83 % with 56.6 % yield. The size range of - 1 + 0.5 mm Kurucaşile coal was washed at 1.75 spe cific gravity, the ash content could be reduced from 43.96 % to 12.81 % with 53.1% yield whereas the ash content of the clean coal washed at 1.45 specific fravity was reduced to 8.72 % with 43.6 % yield. When the washability curves of Kurucaşile coal was interpolated to the size range of -50 + 0.5 mm. There coals were found to be washable in spe cific gravities higher than 1.70. For this reason, if the coal was washed at 1.75 specific gravity the ash content could be reduced from 37.0 % to 13.17 % with 63.8 % yield whereas the coal was washed at 1.45 specetic gravity the ash content in the clean coal was reduced to 9.13 % with 51.2 % yield. The size range of -50 + 19 mm of Azdavay coal was washed at 1.75 specific gravity, the ash content could be roduced from 35.39 % to 14.80 % with 68.7 % yield whereas the ash content of the clean coal washed at 1.45 specific gravity as reduced to 10.47 % with 53.7 % yield. The size range of -19 + 9 mm of Azdavay coal was washed at 1.75 specific gravity, the ash content could be reduced from 41.91 % to 15.71 % with 57.4 % yield whereas the ash content of the clean coal washed at 1.45 specific gravity was reduced to 8.94 % with 41.4 % yield. -VII-The size range of -9 + 3.36 mm of Azdavay coal was washed at 1.75 speci fic gravity, the ash could be reduced from 49.54 % to 15.03 % with 46.2 % yield whereas the ash content of tbe clean coal washed at 1.45 specific gravity was reduced to 7.37 % with 32.2 % yield. The size range of -3.36 + 0.5 mm of Azdavay coal was washed at 1.75 specific gravity, the ash content could be reduced from 44.08 % to 10.46 % with 52.0 % yield whereas the ash con tent of the clean coal washed at 1.45 specific gravity was reduced to 5.72 % with 42.2 % yield. When the washability curves of Azdavay coal was interpolated to the size range of -50 + 0.5 mm. These coals were found to be washable in specific gravities higher than 1.70. For this reason, if the coal was washed at 1.75 specific gravity, to the ash content could be reduced from 42.45 % to 14.23 % with 56.6 % yield whereas the coal was washed at 1.45 specific gravity the ash content in the clean coal was reduced to 8.51 % with 42.7 % yield. Flotation tests conducted at minus 0.5 mm material produced the following results: Minus 0.5 mm Amasra coal using 90 % kerosene plus 10 % iso octa- nol mixture resulted in 18.2 % of the clean coal recovery assaying 12.06 % ash with 36.5 % yield. However, the flotation tests carried out with Montanol 551 reagent, 31.0% of the clean coal contained 16.81 ash with the yield of 58.9 %. Minus 0.5 mm Kurucaşile coal using 90 % kerosene plus 10 % iso octanol mixture resulted in 45.9 % of clean coal recovery assaying 18.54 % ash with 72.7 % yield. However, the flotation tests carried out with Montanol 551 reagent, 19.0 % of the clean coal contained 14.08 % ash with the yield of 31.7 %. Minus 0.5 mm Azdavay coal using 90 % kerosene plus 10 % iso octo- nol mixture resulted in 59.6 % of clean coal recovery assaying 14.70 % ash with the yield of 90.4 %. However, the flotation test carried out with Montanol 551 reagent, the 58.7 % of clean coal contained 13.71 % ash with the yield of 89.5%. In order to evaluate the coking properties of the coals in three regions at different size ranges and also ash contents (float-and-sink experiments' products) a number of coking experiments have been perfor med. The results for each coal are summarized below. The coking experiments were done with Amasra coal in the size ranges of -100 + 50 mm, -50 + 19 mm, -19 + 6 mm and -6 + 0.5 mm. It has been determined that the Amasra Coal is High Volatile Bituminous Coal according to ASTM classification and its code number is 700 ac cording to International Classification and exhibits non - coking properties tests conducted on the float-and- sink products that are highly low in ash contents slow only contraction in the dilatation experiment. In this respect, it has been recognized that it is not possible to coke Amasra coals even upon reducing the ash level to a minumum. -VIH-The coking experiments with Kurucaşile coal in the size ranges -50 + 19 mm, -19 + 3.36 mm, -3.36 + 1.0 mm and -1.0 + 0.5 mm resulted in the following: This coal is a High Volatile Bituminous A Coal according to ASTM Classification and its code number is 634 according to International Classification. The more the ash content of values obtained from the float - and - sink experiments the more decrease the Free Swelling Index (FSI) and Coking - Capasity (G Factor). It has been observed that in the case of ash values exceeding the 12 % the coking capacity will be rapidly decreased. The coking experiments with Azdavay coal between the size ranges -50 + 19 mm, -19 + 9 mm, -9 + 3.36 mm and -3.36 + 0.5 mm resulted in the following: This coal is a medium Volatile Bituminous Coal according to ASTM Classification and its code number is 434 according to International Classification. The coking capacity (G Factor) will be 0.98 if the ash content of the pro ducts recovered from the float-and-sink experiments is about 6.0 %. But when the ash content of the clean coal is over 12.0 % the decrease G factor also accelerates. The effect of ash content in coal over the coking properties has been determined with samples of varying ash content. In these experi ments -19 + 3.36 mm size fraction in Kurucaşile coal and -9 + 3.36 mm size fraction in Azdavay coal are used. The samples ore prepered sepe- rately and the float - and - sink experiments are done with 1.30, 1.35, 140, 1.45, 1.50, 1.60, 1.75, and 1.90 specific gravity. The coking ex periments for each product resulted in the following: While the ash content of coal increases there is not any change in the volatile matter content. However, Free Swelling index (FSI) and Coking - Capacity (G Factor) decreases. Increasing the rate of ash content of coal over 1 % causes a decrease in the dilatation by 10 %. This decrease in dilatation affects adversely the physical properties of coke and presents the use of coals with low or medium coking proper ties. In Kurucaşile coal, the ash content is 6.5 %, factor G is 1.040 and the coke strength M4« value ranges between 82.5 and 87.5. The factor G of this coal will decrease to 0.96 if the ash content is 9.5 % ( M4o> 78). According to this utilization, the ash content of Kuru caşile coal has to be kept at a maximum value of 9.5 when it's used for metallurgical coke production alone. In Azdavay coal the ash content is 5 %, factor G is 1.040 and the coke strength M^ value ranges 82.5 and 87.5. The ash content dec reases the factor G to 0.98 if the ash content is 9.0 % (M4Q>78). So the ash content of this coal has to be greater than 9.0 % for metallur gical processes -IX-It is rare to use a single coal for coke making and normally several coals are blended to obtain a compromise between coke quality, economy and availability. It is not uncommon to add 10-15 % of a non coking coal to a blend depending on the local coal supply situation and other blend constituents. Evaluation of any coal property should be done in relation to its behoviour as a blend component. However, it is usual to assess first the properties of a coal by itself. In an ideal coal or blend the specification would be approxima tely as follows: Mineral Matter (or ash) 10 % Volatile Matter 20-26 % (dry basis) Moisture (as received) 6 - 7 % Sulphur 0.5 % - 0.7 % Free Swelling Index 6 Grey King Coke Type G Mean Maximum Reflectance 1.2 - 1.3 Fluidity (Minimum) 1000 (dmm) G Factor 0.95 - 1.10 Amasra coal that doesn't show coking property has to be blended with the other coals that have coking properties suitable for the metallurgical coke production. To achieve this, a series of experi ment was done to determine the quantity of Amasra coal that can be blended with Kurucaşile, Azdavay and Zonguldak good coking coals. The results showed that: In Kurucaşile - Amasra blended coals the increase in quantity of Amasra coal affects negativelly the coking properties. Increasing the rate of the quantity approximately 5 % also causes to dilatation to decrease at the same rate. This decrease of dilatation affects the factor G (Coking - Capacity) \/ery much and value of factor G beco mes zero when 40 % of Amasra coal is added to Kurucaşile coal. The examination of factor G curves depends on the blending rate of Kuruca şile - Amasra coal shows that a maximum of 28 % Amasra coal will be able to blend with Kurucaşile coal. In Azdavay-Amasra blended coals, the increase in quantity of Amasra coal decreases free swelling index (FSI) and total dilatation. In order to produce good quality coke for metallurgical processes, 20 % of Amasra coal should be blended with Azdavay coal. In Zonguldak-Amasra blended coals, increasing the quality of Amasra coal decreases free swelling index (FSI) and total dilation. In order to produce metallurgical coke, 23 % of Amasra coal should be blended with Zonguldak coal (Neomi seam coal). The applications of Basic Blending, Stamping or Briquet Charge Methods, are expected to decrease the import rate of coking coal by 65 % when Amasra bad coking coals and Armutçuk low coking coals are blended with good coking coals. - x -

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