Elektrik enerji sistemlerinin tek merkezden yönetilmesi
Centralized control of electrical power systems
- Tez No: 14411
- Danışmanlar: PROF.DR. NESRİN TARKAN
- Tez Türü: Yüksek Lisans
- Konular: Elektrik ve Elektronik Mühendisliği, Electrical and Electronics Engineering
- Anahtar Kelimeler: Belirtilmemiş.
- Yıl: 1991
- Dil: Türkçe
- Üniversite: İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi
- Enstitü: Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü
- Ana Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
- Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
- Sayfa Sayısı: 64
Özet
DZET Elektrik enerji sistemlerinde, özellikle eleman sayısının arttığı sistemlerde kontrol zorlaşmakta, otomatik kontrol sistemlerine ihtiyaç duyulmaktadır. Tam bir otomasyon ve proses kontrol işlemi olan SCADAS, (Supervision Control And Data Acquisition Systems) yerel veya genel olarak otomatik kontrol sağlanmasında yararlanılabilecek bir sistemdir. Bu kontrol sistemi yapısından dolayı hem dağıtım, hem iletim, hem de üretim seviyelerinde uygulanabilir. Güç akışı, durum kestirimi ve optimizasyon kontollerinin SCADAS ile yapılması mümkün olmaktadır. Türkiye Elektrik Kurumu, Eliop, BBC gibi çeşitli kuruluşlar hem yerel, hem de geniş kapsamlı çeşitli çalışmalar yapmışlar ve sistemin uygulanabilirliğini göstermişlerdir. Bu tezde otomatik kontrol sistemlerinin elektrik enerji sistemlerine uygulanması konusunda yapılan çalışmalar biraraya getirilmiş ve konu ile ilgili değişik uygulamalara ait örnekler verilmiştir. Böylece konunun hem küçük sistemlere, hem de büyük sistemlere ilişkin sorunlara çözüm getirebileceği gösterilmiştir. iv
Özet (Çeviri)
SUMMARY CENTRALIZED CONTROL DF ELECTRICAL POWER SYSTEMS After the improvement in computer technology, automation and process control applications has been widely tested' in numerous sectors such as : - Chemical industry - Gas and oil pipelines - Petrochemical industry - Iron and steel industry - Electrical pouer substations - Electrical power distribution - Paper industry - Water (distribution, sewage, hydrology) - Cement - Automobile - Traffic monitoring by artificial vision - Food - Building control and conditioning The general principles of SCADAS (Supervision Control And Data Acquisition Systems) are the same. All depend on collecting and gathering information and data from various remote stations. Electric power systems are principally similar with the other systems. There are large and small systems in electric power systems. Actual large systems consist of a wealth of individual interdependent subsystems of various levels of hierarchy. The behaviour of these subsystems varies under the impact of the environment and control instructions issued for the system to accomplish its objectives. A multilevel arrangement of the system leads to the need for a sequantial stage by stage coordination of activities within the system. The efficiency of such a coordination depends on the choice of the local controls at each stage such that ensure an optimal global performence of the system. The process of sequential coordination conceptualized in the form of an iterative procedure has been demostrated to be capable of improving the global performance of a large system.The number af levels used in devising the hierarchy of a large system is conditioned by the adapted mathematical model. In an elementary description, the structure may be treated as consisting of a number of interrelated subsystems. (Figure 1) Central control room uitti generation surveying computer FbiEr station with direct control corrputer Ftauer station with direct control conputer Ftaujer station with direct control computer Load rmuuiue Figure 1. Levels of hierarchy In electric power systems, many SCADAS applications have been made by different corporations such as Turkish Electricity Authority, Eliop, BBC for small and large systems. Those applications show us that especially in large systems, it is possible to run State Estimation, Load FIdw and Optimisation programs. State Estimation: In an energy system, active and reactive load flow, parameters of the energy system, and problems like source security should be known or estimated. Because it is not possible to cotrol a system at which characteristics and situation is not known. The electric power systems are sometimes very large to control, with this reason, the problems are divided into parts by means of time. These individual parts can be used for the solutions of the other parts in solving their particular problem. viEstimation methods can be divided into two groups. One is defining system parameters and load model, the other is time estimation. The real time control process can be shown in Four steps like collecting data, evaluating the data and estimating the situation of the system, to determine the control method by checking the situation of the system and transmit the control signals to the system. (Figure 2) ly(t) L(t) |v(t) Figure 2. General Control Operation y: Load change action lj: Faults which the system is exposed to z: Total measurements and signals v: Faults appeared in gathering and telemetering data x: Estimated state of the system Au: The necessary changes for optimum adaptation to the new status of the controlled parameters of the system. viiLoad Flau: The calculations of load flows on large systems have different ways when they are compared to the small systems. One method of approaching the analysis of large systems is to represent them by model lumped constant networks at low voltages and currents. Lines and cables are represented by the T model, generators by the internal voltage (E) in series with the appropriate impedance and transformers by their serial impedance. These equivalent circuit models are usually known as Alternating Current Analysers and several years formed the main approach to large system studies. They are steady state models and often operate at higher than main frequency to reduce the physical size of the components can be represented directly. One step further towards the physical system is the micro reseaux system developed in France. In this, the generators are represented by actual machines scaled down to laboratory proportions. This arrengement is not economical for large systems and is confined entirely to the study of a few interconnected machines. Special purpose electronic analogue computers have also been used for the assessment of the effect of prime mover and generator characteristics on synchronous stability. With the rapid developement of the digital computers in the 195D's, the attention of power engineers has been directed towards the use of alternating current analysers in that analysis can be placed on a systematic basis once suitable programs have been developed, thus requiring less trained engineer time. The various components of the network are uniquely labelled and these designations together with the per unit values of admittance, power, reactive power and voltage are fed into the computer which then performs the analysis to prescribed values of accuracy. Methods of solution for large systems: Triangulation and partitioning; This method can- only solve linear systems. M ft/] = [I] where Fl] is specified. The fact that powers are specified, in practise makes the problem non-linear. A new value for [I] must be obtained from B = V I* after each direct solution and this value used to obtain a new one. Partitioning is useful for handling large problems on small computers for network reduction, and the elimination of unwanted nodes. viiiGauss-Seidel method: In this method unknown quantities are initially assumed and the value obtained from the first equation is then used when obtaining the others from the second equation and so on. Each equation is considered in turn and then the complete set solved again until the values obtained for the unknowns converge to within required limits. PJewton-Raphson method: Although the Gauss-Seidel method is well established, more recently the Newton-Raphson method has received much attention. With some systems it gives greater assurance of convergence and is at the same time economical in computer time. Optimisation: For the optimal operation of a system, the following conditions are necessary for the plants and generators: For generators: - Maximum and economical capacity - Fixed and increasing heat limits - Minimum time for taking the generator out of the system - Maximum stopping and starting time For plants: - The price of the fuel in thermic power plants - Recent operation program - Minimum time to load and unload the generators - Limits on plant power For the whole system: - Load for special periods - Limits on transmission lines - Effects of transmission losses ix
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