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Anglo-Indian reconciliation in a Passage to İndia and Kim as Colonial novels

Sömürge dönemi romanları olarak Hindistan'a bir geçit ve Kim'de İngiliz-Hint uzlaşması

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  1. Tez No: 187231
  2. Yazar: YUSUF ELİTAŞ
  3. Danışmanlar: YRD. DOÇ. DR. MEHMET ALİ ÇELİKEL
  4. Tez Türü: Yüksek Lisans
  5. Konular: İngiliz Dili ve Edebiyatı, English Linguistics and Literature
  6. Anahtar Kelimeler: Belirtilmemiş.
  7. Yıl: 2006
  8. Dil: İngilizce
  9. Üniversite: Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi
  10. Enstitü: Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü
  11. Ana Bilim Dalı: İngiliz Dili ve Edebiyatı Ana Bilim Dalı
  12. Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
  13. Sayfa Sayısı: 55

Özet

Bu tezde kolonyal dönemde, E.M.Forster tarafından yazılmış olan A Passageto India ve Rudyard Kipling tarafından yazılmış olan Kim adlı eserlerinde İngiliz-Hint uzlaşmasının olup olmadığı çalışılmıştır. Bu eserler kolonyal dönemdeyazıldığı için kolonyalizm ve bu terimle yakın ilişkisi olan emperyalizm kavramlarıbu tezin ilk bölümünde açıklanmıştır. Ayrıca bu iki eserin yazıldığı KolonyalDönem Edebiyatı'nın başlangıcı hakkında bilgi verilmiştir.Tezin ikinci bölümünde Kim romanından alıntılar yapılarak bu romandakiHint ve İngiliz karekterler arasında uzlaşmanın olmadığı belirtilmiştir. Yapılanalıntılarda Kipling'in bazı zamanlar bir Hintli bazı zamanlar ise bir İngiliz gibidüşündüğü görülmüştür. Bu durumun da Kipling'in tarafsızlığını ortaya koymuştur.Üçüncü bölümde, Kim de ele alınan konular A Passage to India adlı romandaaynı şekilde incelenmiştr. Ayrıca Forster'ın tarafsızlığı da ele alınmıştır.Tezin son bölümünde ise bu iki roman karşılaştırılıp aralarındaki benzerliklerbelirtildikten sonra bu iki eserde bulunan yeri, yani Hintli, ve sömürgeci İngilizkarekterler arasında uzlaşmanın olamayacağı ortaya konulmuştur. Diğer taraftan,uzlaşma olmasa da her iki milletin bir arada yaşamasının ancak bu iki milletibirbirinden uzak tutarak sağlanabileceği savunulmuştur.Neticede ne Kipling ne de Forster anti emperyalist yazarlar olduklarını iddaetmedikleri için her iki romanda da sömürgenin egemen olduğu bir yerde sömüren vesömürülen arasında tam bir barışın olamayacagı aşinadır. Her iki yazar daeserlerinde sömürenin imtiyazlı olduğu bir portre çizmiştir. Bundan dolayı Kim ve APassage to India kolonyal dönemde uzlaşmanın olmadığını belirten en önemli ikieserdirler.53

Özet (Çeviri)

In this thesis, Anglo-Indian reconciliation in Kim and A Passage to India as twocolonial novels has been discussed. Both Kipling and Forster reflect their love ofIndia in their novels. The reason for this love is that Kipling spent his childhood inIndia and he was impressed by it a lot. Forster was also impressed by India when hehad two trips to India. One of Forster?s friends from India who he meets at school inEngland also has a role for Forster to love India. When Forster arrived in India, hewas hosted by his friend and shown most beauty of India. I think Dz. Aziz in APassage to India is a reflection of this friendship.Both Kipling and Forster are British and they love India, therefore; when weread Kim or A Passage to India, we are not sure which side these writers take.Ambivalence is dominant in both novels. For example, on one hand Kim has talentsthat he attains from the natives, but on the other hand, among the millions ofchildren, a young Sahib is chosen to be the main character of the novel. Namely, thecharacter is neither British nor Indian, completely.In A Passage to India, ambivalence is also dominant. For example; in the novelForster does not clarify whether Aziz is guilty or not. If Aziz was found guilty,Forster probably would be accepted by readers to be on the side of the British. Or, ifAdela was presented as guilty because of accusing Aziz, that time Forsterpresumably would be accepted to be on the side of Indians. So Forster sets the storyin a way that it is open to debate whether Aziz or Adela is guilty. Kipling and Forsterlet the readers judge the characters in the novels by themselves.As ambivalence is dominant in Kim and A Passage to India, there has been noreconciliation between the British or Indians. To clarify; in Kim, for example, Kim isIrish, with dark skin. So, he is considered as a native in Wonder House at thebeginning of the novel, or in St. Xavier?s school after he is realized by the soldiers ofRegiments. As Kim acts as a native, he is criticized by the Sahibs so there is always aconflict between them, therefore; there is irreconciliation.In A Passage to India, as Fielding is close to Indians, especially to Aziz, he isaccused by the British in India. So clashes appear between Fielding and people of hisrace, too. Of course, here, same situation is valid for Aziz. He is also criticized by49Indians because of befriending Fielding and other British people. So there is noreconciliation in A Passage to India, either.As explained in the thesis, Imperialism and Colonialism are as old as mankind.Colonizers do everything for their own benefits, but while colonizing any countrythey claim that they bring civilization there. Up to now, we see that colonizerscolonize any place for their own benefits, not for that of the colonized people. Thus,colonized people do not trust in colonizers anymore. Being aware of this situation, Ianalyse Kim and A Passage to India and their writers. Both Kipling and Forster wereaware of the fact that a colonizer and a colonized country could not go alongtogether, so could Britain and India as Forster states in one of his diaries:`When I began the book I thought of it as a little bridge of sympathybetween East and West, but this conception has had to go, my sense of truthforbids anything so comfortable think that most Indians, like most Englishpeople are shits, and I am not interested whether they sympathize with oneanother or not.? (Stallybrass: 14)When we have a glance at Kim, we notice that Kim decides neither to work forBritish government nor to go with the Lama. On one hand, there is no reconciliationbetween him and the British because he does not love St. Xavier?s school as he is notaccustomed to it. Soldiers of the Regiment also find Kim peculiar as he has dark skinand has native-like behaviours. On the other hand, Kim is a Sahib originally. But hequestions his identity during the novel. Therefore; we may utilize that there is noreconciliation in Kim?s thoughts.In addition, there is no reconciliation between the British in India and theIndians. Here is a comment about the English by people living in India:`But why not sit and rest?? said one of the escort. `Only the devils andthe English walk to and fro without reason.?`Never make friends with the Devil, a Monkey, or a Boy. No manknows what they will do next,? said his fellow. (Kim, 126)In the above quotation, the English and devils are put in the same class so thereis no reconciliation between the English and the NativesIn retrospect, we see that there is no reconciliation in A Passage to India either.On one hand, there is irreconciliation between the British themselves in India. For50example, Adela and Rooney do not reconcile their differences. In many places in APassage to India they discuss about many things. For instance; when Adela, Mrs.Moore and Aziz make a plan to have a trip to Marabar Caves, Rooney does notaccept this expedition and wants Adela and his mother to give up it.`Similarly, to ?meet?? in the caves as if they were the clock at CharingCross, when they are miles from a station and each other.? said Rooney.`Have you been to them? asked Adela.`No, but I know all about them, naturally.?`Oh, naturally!? (A Passage to India, 89)In the above quotation, although he has not been there, Rooney tries topersuade Adela not to go to the Caves. In the novel, there are various conversationsbetween Rooney and Adela that clarifies the irreconciliation between them. But weknow that they do not marry in the end although Adela comes to India to see andlater marry Rooney. So, mostly, their split shows us the irreconciliation.On the other hand, there is no reconciliation between Indians and the British inIndia. To give examples; in the beginning of the novel, Aziz and Hamidullah have aconversation about whether it is possible to be friends with an Englishman. WhileAziz says that it is possible, Hamidullah refuses it and says:`It is impossible here. Aziz! The red-nosed boy has again insulted mein court. I do not blame him. He was told that he ought to insult me. Untillately he was quite a nice boy, but the others have got hold of him. (31)In the above quotation, we see that Hamidullah never believes that he and otherIndians can befriend the British. Namely, there can hardly be reconciliation betweenthe British and the Natives.Although Aziz believes that it is possible to befriend with an Englishman andhe befriends Fielding, he changes his mind after his arrest because of Adela?saccusation. So, the thought of one of the main characters in the novel who believesthat there can be reconciliation between the British and the Natives has also beenchanged. At he end of the novel, irreconciliation is clearly understood with thefollowing words:51`Why can?t we be friends, now?? said the other, holding himaffectionately. `It is what I want. It is what you want.?But the horses did not want it- they swerved apart; the earth did notwant it, sending up rocks through which riders must pass single-file; thetemples, the tank, the jail, the palace, the birds, the carrion, the Guest House,that come into view as they issued from the gap and saw Mau beneath: theydid not want it, they said in their hundred voices, `No, not yet,? and the skysaid, `No, not there.? (289)Consequently, Anglo- Indian reconciliation in Kim and A Passage to India ishardly possible, considering the examples chosen from these novels in the scope ofthis thesis. As the aftermath of what has been discussed with examples in this study,it could be argued that two different cultures that have been brought together by thecolonial rule can hardly be in peace. The reconciliation, as presented with examplesin this thesis, is only possible by keeping two societies apart as could be seen fromthe examples quoted from the novels in question.Since neither Kipling nor Forster claimed to be anti-imperialist authors, it is notpossible to come across a peaceful societal situation in the colonial rule depicted intheir novels. Both of them describe a society in which the coloniser is alwaysprivileged over the colonised. Kim and A Passage to India, therefore, prove to be themost important colonial novels that present colonial irreconciliation.52

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