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Enerji sistemlerinin bilgisayar destekli işletilmesi ve gözlenebilirlik analizi

Computer aided operation of power systems and observability analysis

  1. Tez No: 19240
  2. Yazar: S.MÜŞFİK TOMAÇOĞLU
  3. Danışmanlar: PROF.DR. NESRİN TARKAN
  4. Tez Türü: Yüksek Lisans
  5. Konular: Elektrik ve Elektronik Mühendisliği, Electrical and Electronics Engineering
  6. Anahtar Kelimeler: Belirtilmemiş.
  7. Yıl: 1991
  8. Dil: Türkçe
  9. Üniversite: İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi
  10. Enstitü: Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü
  11. Ana Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
  12. Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
  13. Sayfa Sayısı: 72

Özet

ÖZET Enerji iletini sistemlerinin teknolojik gelişmelere paralel olarak büyük bir hızla gelişmesi bu sistemlerin işletiminde bilgisayar desteğinin önemini arttırmıştır. Tez kapsamında bilgisayar destekli işletiminin gelişmesinin sistem üzerindeki olumlu etkileri gösterilmeye çalışılmıştır. Enerji sistemlerinin işletiminden sorumlu olan kontrol merkezlerinin en önemli -fonksiyonu olan durum kestiriminin gerçekleştirilebilmesi için sistemin gözlenebilir olması gerekmektedir. Güç akışı ölçümü yapılan elemanların bir ağaç oluşturması durumunda devre gözlenebilir özellik göstermektedir. Bu sağlanamadığı durumda haralarda yapılan ölçümler incelenerek gözlene- bilirlik araştırması yapılır. Tez kapsamında devrelerin gözlenebiliri iğini elemanların baralara olan bağlantılarını inceleyerek araştıran bir algoritma verilmiştir. Bu programın işlemesini etkileyen şebeke özelliklerine değinilmiş »t> programı hızlandıracak önerilerden bahsedilmiştir.

Özet (Çeviri)

SUMMARY COMPUTER AIDED OPERATION OF POWER SYSTEMS AND OBSERVABILITY ANALYSIS The necessity to base the power system operation on reliable and complete in -forma t ion becomes evident as the freedom o-f the control center personal gets, limited. The effectiveness of modern power system ope ration control and operation planning strongly depends on acquiring and securing the system data. The large geographical size of most power systems makes the data acquisition dependent on powerful communication links. They have reached to day a very high technical standard. The operators at the control center are respon sible for the reliable operation of the transmission network and the economic commitment of the generation plants. The primary objective of power system operation is to maintain as high a level of system security as possible. To accomplish this objective, system operator must have the support of control and information systems, managed and coordinated at the power system control center. The changeover to the digital computer made practicable the implementation of the most basic security functions, namely, security monitoring. Security monitoring which is the complete moni toring in realtime of the operating conditions of the power system entails the gathering of system data every few seconds and the presentation of operating infor mation to the human operator. These processes require, in addition to a realtime computer, remote terminal units or RTU's at power plants and transmission substations for interfacing with the power system, co- munication channels to transmit data from the RTU's to control centers. A modern power system cannot be operated without taking security into account. Hence, a power system control center can not or should not be built without including at least securiy monitoring as one of its functions. viThrough the years, as the scope of control center design increase, the capability for maintaining a high level of system security keeps improwing. It is now possible thinking of acquiring a new control center to require, in addition to security monitoring, such secu rity related functions as network configurator, state estimator and on-line load flow. These functions are usually devoloped as a package due to the commonality of data and computational routines which are used by them and to the sequential interdependence between them. A feasibility study, incorporating a comprehen sive cost and benefit analysis is a prerequisite to any control center project. The benefits to be gained must clearly outweigh the cost involved in such a project. The main benefits fall into the following two catego ries: 1- Economical ly quantifiable benefits such as -Increased network reliability -Reduced personel costs -Reduced operation costs -Better economic cogeneration 2-Intahgible benefits such as -Better management operation -Improved security analysis -Improved system operator training -Organization improvement A SCADA (Supervisory control and data acquisi tion) system have some basic functions which will make passible the power system closer to its limits. In some cases investment costs can be reduced due to the post poning of power system extensions. It is also expected that a SCADA system will reduce the number and duration of block- puts. VllThe pseudo measurement can be used accor ding to two different strategies: -Determine the maximal observable region of the system, perform an independent estimation in each of them and use adequate pseudo measurement to compute the quantities which remain unknown. -Add adequate pseudo measurement to restore the observability of the entire network and estimate its complete state as usual. The main steps of the observability algorithm are the following: -The power measurement are first taken into account. Indeed they can be assigned only to the bran ches on which they are located they do not involve any combinatorial search like injection. At the end of the treatment of power flow measurement if there remains more then one equivalence class it is necessary to treat the injection. -The assignment list of a node or of an injection is composed of branches in which no measure ment is taken and which do not form a loop with the measurement assigned branches. -Each injection is assigned to one branches of its list. The set of each injection is called a com bination. -These injection measurement assigned bran ches are then treated as flow measurement. -If there remains only one equivalence class the network is observable. Otherwise the next combi nation is generated. If all combination are tested the network is unobservable. Restoring the observability of an unobser vable network requires to add a number of measurement just equal to the measurement deficiency of this net work. Adding more then this number of measurement is not only useless but may be detrimercal. Indeed it must be noted that if if the psei'uo measurement allow to get an idea on the state of the system they are less reliable than the real measurement. These data are likely to be corrupted by more or less gross errors. xThere is a maximal number o-f branches that a fo rest can contain. Obviously, if when this number **> equal to n-1 the forest is a tree of full rank. The measurement deficiency d of a network N is N defined as the minimal number of measurement that have to be added to restore the observability of N. Obviously if the measurement deficiency equals zero the? network is observable. Let C be the number of forests of the network. If N is the number of nodes which &re not included in none of the forests The measurement deficiency obeys the following relation. d = C -1 + N N F O The observability algorithm and its releted fuctions are all based on the concept of equivalence classes of a graphe. An equivalence classe B of a graph 6 is defined as follows: -Two nodes of G belong to the same class if and only if there is a path exclusively composed of branches belonging to B between them. -Eachc node of G to which no branches of B is in cident constitutes a distinct equivalence class. The number of equivalence classe is given by the following equations: n = C - N (3) F F O It results from the equations

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