Bilgisayar destekli tasarım (CAD) uygulamalarında civata bağlantılarının hesaplanması ve kütüphane oluşturulması
Creating picture libraries in CAD aplications
- Tez No: 19301
- Danışmanlar: PROF.DR. MUSTAFA AKKURT
- Tez Türü: Yüksek Lisans
- Konular: Makine Mühendisliği, Mechanical Engineering
- Anahtar Kelimeler: Belirtilmemiş.
- Yıl: 1991
- Dil: Türkçe
- Üniversite: İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi
- Enstitü: Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü
- Ana Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
- Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
- Sayfa Sayısı: 82
Özet
ÖZET Bu çalışmada genel amaçlı bir bilgisayar destekli tas- sarım CCAD) programının çizim esnekliğinden faydalanılarak elde edilen çizimlerin bir veri tabanı kullanarak herhangi bir yüksek seviyeli dil tarafından islenebilecek çizim dosyalarına dönüştürülmesi konusu ele alınmıştır. Burada kullanılan veri tabanları sadece grafik menliler ve çizim kütüphaneleri oluşturmak maksadıyla değil, ayrıntılı ve düzenli veri yapılarıyla bazı özel analizler için gerekli bilgileri sağlamakta, diğer CAD sitemleri veya CAM sistemleriyle integrasyonda da kullanılabilir. Bu yöntemin amacı tasarımcının bir takım tasarım bilgilerine kolayca erişebilmesi ve tasarımı sistematik bir düzende yapabilmesidir. Böylece kullanıcıya verilecek mesajlar doğrudan ve sağlıklı bir şekilde ulaştırabilir. Konuya örnek teşkil etmesi açısından oluşturulan çizim kütüphaneleriyle desteklenmiş ve civata bağlantılarının boyutlandırma ve kontrol hesaplamalarını içeren bir bilgisayar programı geliştirilmiştir. Programda grafik menüler yardımıyla civata bağlantılarına ait yükleme durumları, şekilleri, malzeme ve mukavemet değerleri seçildikten sonra mukavemet hesaplamaları yapılmaktadır. Programın konstrüktif tavsiyeler bölümünde ise civata tipleri, standartları ve konstrüktif özellikler ait bilgiler verilmiştir. Programda hesaplamalar altıköşe başlı, metrik, çelik bağlama civataları gözönüne alınarak yapılmış, ve ampirik bir takım bağıntılar kullanılmıştır. Çizimler genel amaç lı bir çizim programı olan Autocad 2.6" da, hesaplamalar ise yüksek seviyeli bir programlama dili olan Gwbasic 3.0* da yapılmıştır. -v-
Özet (Çeviri)
SUMMARY CREATING PICTURE LIBRARIES IN CAD APLI CATIONS The idea of using computers in engineering design caus ed the development of CAD concept. CAD is a tecniqe in which man and machine are blended into a problem-solving team, initametly coupling the best characteristic of each. The result of this combination works better than either man or machine would work alone. The cababilities of CAD systems have evolved from simp le two-dimensional drafting systems to more sophisticated integrated three-dimensional design, drafting and engineer ing systems. Nowadays these systems are used in creating models, modification, analysis and optimization processes in design phase. CAD systems can drastically reduce the number of steps involved in design process for particular product and can also make each design step much easier and less tedious for the designer. As a result, an immense increase in the work output of a designer can be made possible and enormous amo unt of time saving can also be achieved between the initial conception of an idea and it's final implementation as a pro duct design. CAD enables an accurate represantation of de sign and provides the designer with a versatile tool to gra phically manipulate it. With this flexibility of manipula ting the drawing of a design, the designer can obtain a deep insight into complex problems arising from the design. This will help the designer make better desicions and will reduce the possibility of errors which may be difficult to spot by any other method. Hence the designer will be more likely to arrive an optimal solution which will lead to an improvement in the quality of the final product and will therfore make it more competitive in the market. -vi-The CAD systems consists of hardware and software to perform the specialized design functions. The CAD hardwa re includes the computer, one ore more graphic displays, keyboards, disc drivers, plotters, printers or any other peripheral equipment. Hardwares used in CAD systems must have a rapid graphic drawing capability, high resolution displays and easily used input/output units. The CAD software consists of the computer programs to implement computer graphics on the system plus application programs to facilitate the engineering functions of the us er company. A CAD software must be simple and understand able for any low level user. It must have a logic format and be complate. ît must not be so expensive to prevent it's usage. Two distinct types of software required for the CAD systems; System software is the most important software. It's purpose is to make the computer hardware function effective ly- Aplications software turns the CAD hardware into a useful system, They fall into three main categories: Computer aided draughting. Geometric modelling and Finite element ana lysis systems. There are some factors to be considered in the evalu ation and selection of a CAD system include the following; Functional capabilities relates to the system's ability to support the desired software functions. This is probably the most important system comparison criterion. Outline storage capacity, data communications cabability, reliabi lity and maintenance, potential growth, documentation and user groups are the other criterions to be considered. -vii-A classification can be made about CAD systems as ge neral purpose CAD systems and Special purpose CAD systems. General purpose CAD systems are big programs that can be adapted in diffrent areas. They are not hierarchycal prog rams i.e any command can be input freely. For example Auto- cad, Ibmcad, Catia, Euclid are these kind of programs. Special purpose CAD programs are used in certain areas. They are hierarchycal programs» and the user must follow a certain format to use the program. For example; gear and shaft design programs. In this study a computer program is developed for de sign of bolt joints aided with picture librararies produced in a CAD software. So, the designer will take massages directly, reach design informations easily and complate the design process by using sistematic steps. There are a few methods for making picture libraries; One of them is drawing this pictures in a high level prog ramming language. But it is difficult to obtain pictures, because it needs diffrent programs and many commands for diffrent pictures. that's why it is not a productive met hod. Here, this problems are solved by using the drawing flexibility of a general purpose CAD program. In this method the pictures produced in general purpose CAD sys tems are changed into picture files via using a centeral database including drawing information, to a format which can be understand easily by a high level programming lan guage. In this study the Autocad 2.6 is used as a general purpose CAD program which have drawing exchange files CDXF) -viii-that ideal for this method and Gwbasic 3.0 is as a high le vel programming language. In the first step the pictures must be formed in Auto- cad system. But there are some points to be cosidered when producing this. The drawing limits should be chosen truly for having relaible pictures in Gwbasic language. Text and graphic screens should be adabtable each other. In second step D.X.F. files are produced as a cababili- ty of CAD program. These files are special formatted ASCII text files and includes a lot of information about pictures. Because of the detailed and regular data structure, the DXF files are also used for integration to other CAD systems, CAM systems and some other special purpose programs. The file can be read easily by a computer program. Another advantage of this file is user can obtain the informations he wanted and abort the others. It's difficult to write a DXF file then read it. The third step of making picture libaries, is to write a computer program which changes DXF files to a form read able by a high level programming language. The program written here consists of circle, trace, solid, point, poly line, arc and text entities. The program compares all of the structure of DXF and make a data file including only the drawing information. Program is written in Gw bas i c 1 anguage. In the last step a program called a drawing program, used to read datas about pictures and draw them in Gwbasic screen. This program is also written in Gwbasic language. The picture libraries produced with this method are used in program for design of bolt joints. The program make the user select the loading conditions, type and ma- -ix-terial values from graphical menus and determines the bolt dimensions according to these data. Some of the design informations are given to user about bolt joints by loading picture libraries. Program is written for hexagonal head, steel, metric connecting bolts. -x-
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