Pano yapı elemanlarında boyut hatası
Dimension errors of precast rein forced concrete panel elements
- Tez No: 19402
- Danışmanlar: PROF.DR. SÜHEYL AKMAN
- Tez Türü: Doktora
- Konular: Mimarlık, Architecture
- Anahtar Kelimeler: Belirtilmemiş.
- Yıl: 1991
- Dil: Türkçe
- Üniversite: İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi
- Enstitü: Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü
- Ana Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
- Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
- Sayfa Sayısı: 129
Özet
ÖZET Bu çalışmada prefabrike yapım teknoloj isirıin önemli bir yana. elemana, olan panol ardaki boy hataları nitelik, nicelik ve toleransla rı yönünden deneysel ve istatistik yöntemlerle incelenmiştir. Tezin ilk üç bölümü pano yapım tekniği, panoların tanım ve sı nıflandırılmaları, birleşim dersleri gibi genel konuları ve istatis tik deCçerlendirmede yararlanılan istatistik bilgileri içermektedir. İstatistik bilgilerde Gauss, Stuöent-t, Weibull, Lognormal dağılımla rı, x? ve F hipotez testleri, uygunluk kriterleri ve QC eğrileri in celenmiştir. Deneysel çalışma 6 -fabrikanın 31 örneği ve 216 numunesi üzerin de boylar ölçülerek gerçekleştirilmiştir. Örneklerin çoğunda örnek) hacimleriyetersiz olduğundan her örnek için bağıl hatalar hesaplan mış, bu bağıl hatalar pano fcüyüklüQüne göre ayrılan 4 büyük örnek grubunda toplanmıştır. Büyük örnek gruplarının rastgeleligi ve ba ğımsızlıkları F testi ile sınanmıstır. Daha sonra tu örneklere Gauss, Weibull ve Lognormal dağılımları uygulanarak 7.95 olasılıklı sistematik ve rastgele hata toplamlarından oluşan toplam hata sınır ları Türkiye genelinde ±6 mm,Ve ±9.5 mm arasında tahmin edilmiştir.. Tolerans kavramı teknolojik ve ekonomik açıdan tartışılmış ve toleransların 0, A + 6.98 S
Özet (Çeviri)
SUMMARY DIMENSION ERRORS OF PRECAST REIN FORGED CONCRETE PANEL ELEMENTS Among the novelties occured in 20th Century in the construction technology prefatarication has an important place. It is obvious that pref abrication, which is an industrial process has its own problems and these problems should be solved in accordance with general industrial principles. In this study the problem of dimension errors of panels which are some kind of prefabricated structrual elements, has been discussed. The object and scope of the study and the problem investigated have been briefly discreifced in the introduction. All plates used as.floors and load carrying or partitioning wall elements have been called panels. Errors resulting from the difference between their actual dimensions and the desired ones in the projects affect naturally the construction of the buildings from the point of view of material and workmanship cost. In addition the durability, strength and aesthetic of the buildings manufactured can not attain the desired levels. The way to maintain this industrial production under control is to suggest tolerances. Besides being sufficient and realistic, these required tolerances may also take into consideration economic factors. Economic factors have naturally an impact on the industrial production and can never be neglected. If tolerances have been determined prior to the determination of the industrial level of the country,, the economic factors would not have been taken into consideration. In this study, following these principles, the? level of the dimension errors in the production of panels in Turkey has teen first examined experimentally arid statistically. Concepts and values of tolerances have been discussed later by considering assembling processes of panels production arid joining techniques. A statistical model has been developed to respond to the technological and economical aspects of the tolerances. While developing the cited model, it has been also possible to develop a statistical method. The second part of the study comprises the general informations on the panel production technique. The place of pref abrication among the general structural techniques, ameliorations of the pref abrication techniques until they reach their actual completepanel system technique, principles of classification of panel structures, and fundamentals of panel construction have been explained. Then“panel joining techniques”which have arı important place in the determination of tolerance have been studied in detail, and joints have been discussed by explaining their functions, materials and protection techniques» In t hie third part» types of error observed in panels, their classification, causes, have been summarised by giving their geometrical evaluation under the heading“Theories and Concepts in Dimensions Error Research”. After emphasising, the probabilistic character, of the error, necessary definitions, notions and principles of statistics have been summarised. These are Bauss, Student-t, Weibull, Lognormal distribution laws, accuracy levels, X? 3n^ F~test hypothesis, etc. Compliance Criteria and Operating Characteristic Curves, which are necessary for a detailed ex p lariat ion of the concept of tolerance and especially for determination of the tolerance by taking into account also the ?economical factor have been explained in this part. The measuring techniques used in the control of panel production and standard tolerance values with which the errors determined are compared have been also presented. Standard tolerances arei the values of the Serman industrial standards DIN 1S203. In the fourth part the levels of errors in the panel production in Turkey have been given basing to the evaluation of tests carried out. A new method developed for this determination has been presented and applied, and Compliance Criteria for acceptance rejections have been proposed. 31 sample series have been examined in 6 prefabrication fac tories and dimensional measurements have been made on 216 specimens. One of the samples consisted of 29 specimens, the other of IS, three of 10, two of 9, and two of 7 specimens, and the number of specimens in the others cere 5 or 4. In the determination of the statistics of the population, normal sampling theory has been applied on one sample and small sampling theory on eight samples, but other samples could not unfortunately be evaluated statiscally because they were too smal 1. The reason for the restricted number of specimens in sample, was the fact that any factory does not start mass production on the date when the samples were taken. Therefore it has been tried to form some artificial large sample of specimens to solve the problem. For this purpose relative errors have been calculated by dividing the difference of each specimen dimension from its sample arithmetical mean to this mean. These relative errors have been grouped into 4 main groups of samples, i.e. 4 populations. These populations were nominated as K -l,5m), 0 (l,5~3,0m>, B (3,0~&,0m) and CB (6,0--..) -xi-according to panel dimensions. There were 3 samples in population K, 13 in population 0,13 in population B and 2 in population CB» The possiblility of gathering these heterogenous samples in the same population has been tested by F-test, which gave positive result» In the meantime a“Basic”computer program has been prepared arid used for F-test» Collecting together relative errors, in the same population seemed to provide a useful tool for a statistical evaluation. The distribution of errors in groups K,Q and B have been first examined without taking into account their signs according to Wei bull and Lognormal distributions and they have been also examined with their signs according to Gauss distribution to estimate their values for 95% confidence level» These limits found for the relative errors have been multiplied by class-marks of the populations to obtain the absolute random errors» for K, 0, B populations» The errors determined by this method, have been also compared with the values estimated by the classical small sampling theory, which was possible to apply to some sample. The results appeared to be in the following order. small sampling (smallest estimate), relative error-Gauss distribution (moderate estimate), relative error, Log- normal (largest estimate). In the meantime, it has been proved by a numerical application in one sample group, that geometrical mean, which is more convenient for proportions, may be used in place of arithmetic mean to determine the confidence limits. Another point which attracted the attention is the fact that sample arithmetic means and nominal values requiered in project are almost different. Such errors which may be considered as systematic errors increase in small amount whit the size of panels and remain between 2,5mm and 3,5mm. The total, error were computed by adding random and systematic errors» It has been finally concluded that the total dimension error of panels vary generally in Turkey between 6mm and 9,5mm with a confidaice level of 95%. When populations K, 0 and B are examined individually, the dispersion increase arriving to the values of 4,6mm and 10 «2mm as the extreme limits. For determining the values of tolerances, discussions have been made by considering the technologic and economical properties of the tolerances. Technologically the following two important points should be remarked. The sign of the panel longitudinal demension errors, does not have the same importance and consequences. In cases of positive error, i.e. if the length of the panel is greater than it should be, the panel and/or structure will be destroyed. In cases where the panel is small, the error can be alleviated withot.it causing destruction being dependant upon the joining method employed»The recommended tolerances should have different values according to the structural function of the panel, the joining material and the details thereof. Values of the tolerances determined only from technological paint of view may constitute a criterion for acceptance and rejection in the case of small production in a deterministic approach, but in mass production technological tolerances should generally be modified a little by taking into account the economic factor» This factor may be formulated by estimating the level of errors occured in the country. On the other hand the economic solution will be insured by raising the proposed percentage of the real defective panel and/or the probability of acceptance in Compliance Criteria. All the panels measured in this study were wall plates with flexible joint. According to the German standards and the error level estimated in the country. +3mm and --6mm tolerances have been recommended for these panels and joining procedure. These figures may not be admitted as strict ones. They have been chosen especially for a numerical application. To establish the Compliance Criterion for this example the acceptances probability of panels longer than the design length < -terror) has been fixed to a lesser value than the acceptance probability of shorter panels (--errors). The numerical application consisted of establishing a convenient sampling plan by using OC curves which balanced the risks of the producer and consumer and to minimize the cost of quality control. The Compliance Criteria ha>/e been expressed as follows, provided that the minimum number of specimens would be İS s I. A < 0, ^-A + 5.43 S < | -6 J mm II. A > Q, A + 6.98 S < |+3| mm In these formula A is the arithmetic mean of the total errors» and s is- their standard deviation. Use of these recommended Compliance Criteria and tolerances may not be thought sui table for all panels and joints. To complete this work technological tolerances for all types of panel and joints should be brought out by detailed experimental researches. Furthermore the chaise of the Gauss parameters in the Compliance Criteria should be made in accordance to producer's and consumer's risk data. Therefore, the Criteria recommended in the study have a theoretical value rather to clarify the method proposed and developed. The conclusions obtained in this study can be summarised as follows? 1. A Statistical study to estimate statistics of a population from samples comprising restricted number of specimens may be performed on samples obtained by transforming the formers to fictitious dimension less relative errors population. -xi ix-2. Dimension tolerances ot rein-forced concrete precast panels should be determined by taking into account technological and economical -factors altogether. 3. It is not advisable to express tolerances with the same.figure in two direction as (±), and depending only by the dimension of the panel» tolerances sho.il d be different for errors, different tolerance values should be recommended for each type of panel and joint. 4. In small production, acceptance or rejection decision can be based on a unique value of the tolerance in a deterministic way. But in mass production this decision should be formulated with a compliance criterion which will be function of the quality of the counrty production and the distribution mode of error. 5. The Compliance Criteria should always be defined together with sampling plan, i.e. by specifying the number of specimens in sample. -xiv
Benzer Tezler
- Anadolu Türk Mimarisinde tuğla ve koruma-restorasyon önerileri
The Use of brick in Anatolian Turkish architecture and suggestions about conservation and restoration
SERAP GÜLER
- Taşıyıcı olmayan ve dış cephede kullanılan prefabrik pano ve kaplamaların mimari performanslarının incelenmesi
The examination of the architectural performances about non-bearing prefabricated exterior panels and coatings
ELVAN DURAN
- Bir sanayi yapısının yangın dayanımının artırılması ve maliyete etkisinin araştırılması
Increasing the fire resistance of an industrial building and researching the effects on cost
OĞUZ KEMAL ALPASLAN
- Kuru yapım sistemleri ve yapılarda alçı pano uygulaması
Dry construction systems and gypsum board application in buildings
MUHARREM MUTLU KIZILDELİ
Yüksek Lisans
Türkçe
2002
Mimarlıkİstanbul Teknik ÜniversitesiMimarlık Ana Bilim Dalı
DOÇ. DR. MUSTAFA ERKAN KARAGÜLER
- Integrating a scale transition system into the scan-to-HBIM process
Taramadan tarihi yapı bilgi modeline geçişte ölçekler arası ilişkilerin bütünleştirilmesi
BERKAY ÖZTÜRK
Yüksek Lisans
İngilizce
2023
Mimarlıkİstanbul Teknik ÜniversitesiBilişim Ana Bilim Dalı
PROF. DR. MİNE ÖZKAR KABAKÇIOĞLU