Bina üretiminde teklif hazırlama sistemi
The Bidding system in the building production
- Tez No: 21845
- Danışmanlar: DOÇ. DR. FATMA HEYECAN GİRİTLİ
- Tez Türü: Yüksek Lisans
- Konular: Mimarlık, Architecture
- Anahtar Kelimeler: Belirtilmemiş.
- Yıl: 1992
- Dil: Türkçe
- Üniversite: İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi
- Enstitü: Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü
- Ana Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
- Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
- Sayfa Sayısı: 256
Özet
ÖZET Bu çalışmanın amacı, inşaat sektörü yüklenici.firmaları için geçerli olan iş alma usulleri ve proje teslim sistemlerinin tanıtılmasından sonra teklif hasırlama sistemini oluşturan tüm evrelerin geniş bir şekilde incelenmesi ve bu inceleme sonuçlarına dayanarak Türk inşaat firmalarıyla yapılan görüşmeler doğrultusunda Türkiye'deki teklif hasırlama sistemi hakkında mevcut durumu ortaya koymaktır. Giriş bölümünden sonra ikinci bölümde, yüklenici firmaların iş bulma yolları, bulunan işleri yüklenebilmeleri için katılacakları ihale usulleri ile birlikte teklif sunma prosedürleri ve proje teslim sistemlerinin tanıtımı yapılmıştır. Üçüncü bölümde, yüklenici firmaların herhangi bir yolla bulmuş oldukları firma hedeflerine uygun projeler arasında bir seçim, dolayısıyla bir değerlendirmenin üzerinde geniş olarak durulmuştur. Ayrıca, bu bölüme ve tüm çalışmaya yön vermesi amacıyla genel anlamda karar verme sürecide tanıtılmıştır. Dördüncü bölümde, üçüncü bölümün çıktısı olan teklif verilme kararı alınmış projenin ihale dosyasının alınmasıyla projeye ait teklif hazırlama sürecine başlangıç yapılmış daha sonra bu sürece dahil tüm evreler hakkında detaylı bilgi verilmiştir. Bu evreler sırasıyla; e Projeye ait bilgilerin toplanmasını ? Teklif öncesi planlamanın yapılmasını * Teklif öncesi programlamanın yapılmasını « Proje maliyetinin tahmin edilmesini a Nakit akış diyagramının oluşturulmasını o Teklif fiyatının belirlenmesini içerir. Sonuç bölümünde ise Türk inşaat firmalarıyla yapılan görüşmelerin sonuçları doğrultusunda Türkiye'de teklif hazırlama sistemini oluşturan evrelerin birer değerlendirilmesi yapılmıştır.
Özet (Çeviri)
SUMMARY THE BIDDING SYSTEM IN THE BUILDING PRODUCTION The objectives of this study arss - To give information about the means of winning a job and the systems of submission of the project for the contracting firms in building production» -~ To give detailed information about all stages of the bidding system in building production from decision problem to submission of teh tender. - To put out the existing bidding system in the Turkish building sector by conversatig with Turkish building firms about the tendering preparations» These objectives have constitute the sections nf this study. Section 1» Introduction The building sector gets a share of 60 percent in the general economy» so it becomes yery important in the national economy and very attractive for the entrepreneurs. The rapid development of the sector incresses the number of the firms joing in the sector» do the entrepreneirs behave very careful when selecting the contractors. Therefore, it is necessary for the contracting firms to- develop theirselves as well as the development of the sector and the requests of the entrepreneurs and to have art advantageous position against the competitors in order to get., a job» As known, getting the job against competion is an important opportunity to obtain a positive development of the sector» But in this work order, it is necessary to be extremely careful against the incapable firms looking for unfair gains. The only source of contracting firms to staying alive is to win a project and to obtain the maximum profit from the project won by legal means. At this point, i.e. when studying how to win the project and how to maximise the profit, the most important task remains to the team preparing the tender. Because, the profit being obtained is won or lost at the tendering stage» At the building production system, only the tender which has won the project realises the profit included in the prices by application of the systems determined during the tendering studies. In this study, information is given about the stages of a bidding system increasing the winning chance with the most suitable profit for the firms especially, what a system the contracting firms in Turkish building sector VIapply in this respect and where and why their systems are similar and/or different -from the systems explained in this study. Section 2» Means o f Winning a Job and Systems of Contracting in the Building Production. In recent years, the building sector have developed and widened rapidly, so the kinds of finding a job, winning the job founded and the positions of contracting undertaken are diversified. There are many different combinations of these three systems. In this section, the means of finding and winning a job of a contracting firms, the responsibilities undertaken and the procedures arisin in this respect ar& explained» Altoungh there are two parties in the tendering process, namely the owner and the contractor, this study treats the actions of a successful! conclusion in the tendering process only in respect of the contractor. The means of finding a job can be summaised under three headings! (1> The firm can crests the job by itself. (2) The firm can look for a job by several means. (3) The owner can invite to tender for the project. All of these means arB used widely in our country. A number of contracting firms look for obtaining profits by working for owners while building their own projects at the same time. To find a job by advertising or by personal relations are also widely used. Almost every kind of contracting advertisement can be seen in the newspapers. This method is generally used by contractors who are new in the sector or who have not proved their performance for qualified works get. On the other side, firms who have proved their competence, reliability and efficiency are invited by the owners to build the project. In order to win jobs obtained by some means for staying alive and making profit, contracting firms must be successful in contracting systems including certain procedures, i.e. they must win the tender. The systems of tendering in which contractors can join can be studied as follows? (1) Open tendering (2) Selective tendering (3) Negotiation Open tendering is a tendering system in which all willing contractors can join without any restriction in respect of quality. In general, projects containing a low degree of speciality are tendered through this system. Altough the tendering price falls in this system in which inefficient firms can join also, the outcome contains VIIalways a risk in respect of ten owner. But to tender through this system is an important opportunity -for firms straining to prove their selves» Selective tendering consists of the invitations of the owner the famous contractors to submit a tender for building the project. The project is generally projects entailing competence. The tender price is higher than in the open tendering, but the outcome is more reliable for the owner. Negotiation is a systems obtaining the owner to agree the price and other subjects by negotiating with only one contractor in order to give the project. By these systems which are nomitaded as the means of winning a job for the contracting firms, it is also determined what kind of contracting the firm will undertake. While the building or the consulting of the project can be awarded, either the design and the building of the project can be awarded also at the same time. The contractor must take this situation into consideration and draw up the necessary arrangement. Section 3. Tendering Decision Process in Building Production Decision process and its output, i.e. decision, a.re concepts to which the human faces during all life. There can be decisions which must be taken in certain ways sometimes easily and sometimes extremely difficult and the progress of the human life will go on according to these decisions. In short, decision process and decision can be defined as valuation of certain inputs and probabilities and selection an alternative as a result. As result of this selection, a decision is made and so, the output of the process is obtained. Decision is extremely important for a manager, because the success of the decision he/she made will affect his/her own success and the success of the company directly. Therefore, it is expected that the manager makes the most suitable decision through a certain system as soon as possible. In this section, the general decision process. and the decision concept, and then the decision process far tendering are treated in order to give a direction to the decision problem which will be met very often in the tendering process. The targets of the firms can be summarized as staying alive and obtaining profit. The selection of the jobs realizing tehse targets is very important for the firms. A contracting firm is affected by some factors when selecting the project to tender. The main factors affecting the firm a.re as follows; Factors concering with the contracting firm (2) Factors affecting the selection of the project VIIIoutside of the firm factors concering with alternative projects In this section, the economics of the project which is one of the most important factors affecting the selection of the project is treated more detailed- Section 4. The System of Preparation of a Tender in the Building Production "~v~~,.-w.......__ The targets of contracting firms in tender preparation can be defined as getting and completing the job with a suitable price. In order to achieve these targets, the firm must determine the most suitable way to determine the tender price which obtains to win the job and a suitable profit and also keep this way in a system. WWhen it is reminded that one of the targets of this study is to treat the stages of constituting the most suitable tender price obtaining the contractor to win the project, it can be suggested that the whole section is directed towards this target. Section 4 begins with a summary of the tendering system and then, treats the collection of the tendering documents which is the first step in preparing a tender. The most important of tender documents which differ in practice can be summarised as bills of quantities, specifications and drawings. In Section 4, information concering with all tender documents is given and their effects ön determining the tender price of the contracting firm a.re explained. The second stage of preparing a tender begining with the tender documents is to collect information. Information enguiry is a process in which data which constitute the sources for all process are collected. Therefore, the efficiency and the adequacy of the work of the following stages depend on how the information is collected. Information contributing to determination of the tender price for the project can be summarized under the following headings; (1) To study the tender documents To visit the site (3) To study the information of post projects (4) The capability of the firm (5) To take-off the quantities (6) To collect information about the costs The contractor must be familiar to the project by studying the tender documents. The study of drawings and specifications can give important clues effecting the tender price of the contractor. By visiting the site, the contractor can find out some peculiarities of the project which he cannot see in the tender documents- To study the past project information obtains the contractor to get information relevant to the special work items exiting in the project, IXbut not being met very often rapidly and easily from the past project records. Before submitting a tender for a project, it must be studied whether the project is suitable to the organisational, financial and technical capability of the firm. One of the most important part of collecting information is to take-off the quantities. Depending on tendering period, the quantities must be taken off as correctly as possible and in a form to be used later. Information about the procedure of taking-off the quantities and about the bills of quantities constituted are given in this section..After taking-off the quantities, it is necessary yo enquire the prices of labour, material and subcontractors in order to obtain the costs of the items in the project. In this section, information is given about the sources of costs and how to collect th cost information. The process starting after collection of information is the planning process. In order to determine an accurate tender price, decision must be made about the site organisation and the production systems of the work items. So, solutions can be found for some problems faced during the realisation, information about the work items affecting the costs can be obtained by negotistion with the architects who prepared the project and the construction stage can be started earlier by organising the lay-out of the site. The process following the planning stage is the pre- tendering programming. Programming is extremely important because it constitutes the data for all follwing stages. Programming can be studied in two groups? (1) Period programming (2) Source programming Period programming techniques can be divided into two groups (1) Bar chart diagrams (2) Network diagrams The former is widely used on site because of its simplicity. Its most important inefficiency is that the critical operation affecting the whole project period directly and the logical relations between all operations cannot be shown. Network diagrams recover this inefficiency but its use on site is not popular because it is difficult to follow this program for everybody. In this section detailed information is given about both techniques. After preparing work programmes, it is necessary to Xprepare the source programmes depending on it» In this way, it can be seen how the sources being used during the project period are distributed in the process. With arrangements made on it, the distribution of sources can be brought to the level wanted and money amount spended.for the sources like labour, material, etc. can be estimated earlier by determining the need for sources expected each month. To estimate the cost of the project is the most important stage in the tender preparation, because the most important part of the tender price is to be prepared in the light of the works having been done until now. At this stage, collected information, work programmes, source programmes and planned parts are used. As result, the most accurate estimate is made depending on estimating period. Estimating methods can be summarized under two main headings s (1) Appro;-? imate methods
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