Gecekondular ve köken yerleşmelerinin yapısal kültür bağlamında incelenmesi
A Study on squatter settlements and their origins in a cultural context
- Tez No: 21898
- Danışmanlar: PROF. DR. GÜLSÜN SAĞLAMER
- Tez Türü: Doktora
- Konular: Mimarlık, Architecture
- Anahtar Kelimeler: Belirtilmemiş.
- Yıl: 1992
- Dil: Türkçe
- Üniversite: İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi
- Enstitü: Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü
- Ana Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
- Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
- Sayfa Sayısı: 269
Özet
ÖZET Bu tezle, Gecekondu komşuluk gruplarının biçimlendirme sürecine etki eden sosyokültürel faktörler incelenerek, sosyo ve kültürel kökenlerin fazla değişim göstermeden devam ettiği hipotezi öne sürülmüştür. Sekiz bölümden oluşan çalışmanın 1. bölümünde bu hipotezi test etmek için hipotez doğrultusunda çalışmanın çıkış noktası, amacı ve kapsamı tanımlanmıştır. Tezin 2. bölümünde ise gelişmekte olan ülkelerde yaşanan hızlı kentleşme süreci incelenmiştir. Bu süreçte sağlıksız yerleşmeler olarak düşük gelirlilerin yaşadıkları köhneleşmiş mahalle ve gecekondular oluşumları tartışılmıştır. Tezin 3. bölümünde metodolji açıklanmıştır. Tezin metodo lojisinde kullanılan kıyaslama çalışmasında (comparative studies)“kıyaslama”kavramı tanıtılmıştır. Konut araştırmasındaki mikro düzeydeki (ikili kıyaslama) çerçevesinde belirlenen kıyaslama ölçütlerine göre önce günümüzdeki köken konutlar tarihteki örnekleriyle daha sonra ele alınan gecekondular köken konutlarıyla arasındaki yapısal kültürdeki benzerlikler kıyas lama kapsamını oluşturmuştur. Tezin 4. bölümünde genelde konut ve kültür, Doğu Karadeniz bölgesindeki yerleşmeler ve konutların tarihsel gelişimi ele alınmıştır. Tezin 5. bölümünde ise İstanbul'da seçilen iki gecekondu yerleşmesi sakinlerinin oturdukları ve göçettikleri yörelerin çevresel ve yapısal kültürünün incelenmesi için toplanan veriler açıklanmıştır. Tezin 6. bölümünde İstanbul'da gecekondu yerleşmesinden Kuruçeşme mahallesi ve kökeni Alucra köyleri, Maslak mahallesi ve kökeni Doğu Karadeniz'deki Rize/Kireçhane köyü, Gümüşha- ne/Araköy, Tokat/Ormanözü köylerinde yapılan alan çalışmaların dan toplanan tüm veriler analiz edilmiştir. Bu verilere bağlı olarak gecekondu yerleşmeleri ile köken yerleşmelerin kıyaslanmasından önemli benzerlikler ve farklılıklar elde edilmiştir. Tezin 7. bölümünde ise, gecekondu yerleşmelerinin biçimlenmesinde kültür birikiminin etkileri incelenmiş, birikimin göstergesi olan anonim mimarinin gecekondulardaki sürekliliği örneklerle ortaya konulmuştur. Tezde ele alınan gecekondular ile günümüzdeki köken konutların (göç veren yerler deki) kıyaslaması için tarihte Anadolu'daki konut örnekleri genelde tanıtılmış ve tarihsel süreçteki kültür akışı vurgulanmıştır. Son bölüm olan 8. bölümde tezin sonuçları açıklanmıştır. Bu tezle yapılan kıyaslama çalışması ile kentlileşme süreci yaşayan insanların ihtiyaçları, yapısal kültür bağlamında incelenmiştir. Böylece kırdan kente göç edenlerin konut ihtiyacına çözüm getirmede yararlanabilecek planlama ve tasarım verileri oluşturulmuştur. - xii -
Özet (Çeviri)
A STUDY ON SQUATTER SETTLEMENTS AND THEIR ORIGINS IN A CULTURAL CONTEXT SUMMARY Migration from rural to urban areas has led to a notable increase in the number of squatter areas in the big cities in Türkiye. Half or one third of the big cities have now been covered by squatter settlements. At the beginning, squatters were shelters built by the people themselves without getting any technical help. The constructional values of these settlements are poor and their urban equipment is quite insufficient the neighborhood in squatter setlements were first formed by the people who had migrated from the same rural regions and among whom blood relations and kinship were quite strong. Squatter settlers constantly help each other in finding jobs and dwellings because of this sense of solidarity; the old-timers also help the newcomers in terms of manpower and building materials, and also giving financial and psychological support. Again, among these people who have migrated from the villages into the cities, a strong unity can be observed consisting of family ties, a commonly shaxed culture, economical and educational level. Starting from this hypothesis, it has been suggested that the socio-cultural factors affecting the formation processes of the squatter neighbourhoods have been going on without significant changes. In part I of this thesis the objective and the content of this study have been explained and the hypothesis stated above has been tested. In Part II, the rapid process of urbanisation being experienced in big cities and the uncontrollable increase in the squatter settlements in the cities have been treated with the observation that low-income groups coming from different socio-economic conditions have tried to find different solutions for themselves. Among these solutions can be mentioned the shanty neighborhoods and squatter settlements in wih low-income groups live in developing countries. In spite of all the legal precautions, the construction of squatter dwellings has rapidly increased and and is still continuing with the political power it has now come to be. This squatter population with a rural origin uses the traditional technology in the dwellings it builds and all - xiii -kinds of materials it can cheaply acquire. In Part III the methodology employed in the thesis has been explained. The concept of“comparison”has been defined as comparative studies make up the bulk of this research. Goals have been set in the micro level in dwelling research (binary comparisons), and the concepts of origin, similarities and differences have been introduced. Two squatter settlements have been chosen in Istanbul and the similarities of building culture between their origins have been compared with each other. In designing the methodology, the two squatter settlements have been treated due to the fact that they have not yet entered the physical stage of the urbanisation process as compared to other squatter settlements. First, the theoretical framework of the thesis has been defined, and in carrying out the field study face to face communication has been preferred with the squatter settlers. The criteria for settlement have been set and the ways of applying the chosen methodology have been defined. Then, the areas to be compared have been established and the criteria to be used in the comparisons have been decided upon. As preliminary work for employing the methodology, the definition, characteristics and application have been established and its use in housing programs has been explained; a summary of the studies that have employed the survey method in the world and in Türkiye have also been given. In addition, the use of data collected in the survey, the type of survey design and the surveying process have also been investigated. It has been observed that, in the research work carried out on housing so far, more emphasis has been given to the construction of dwellings than to the dwelling forms when investigating the universal problems of housing in surveys. However, in this thesis, as a result of the binary comparison employed, the existing original dwellings have been compared with their historical examples first and then evaluated. The similarities between cultures have been pointed out; the dwellings under investigation and the existing original dwellings have been compared, yielding the same results. For the application of the methodological design, field study has been carride out in the Kuruçeşme Quarter and in the Maslak Quarter, which have been chosen from among the squatter settlements in Istanbul. The squatter dwellers and the local headmen in these two settlements have been interviewed to establish the regions they had migrated from. Those who have migrated from the same region generally kept their traditional ways of life and formed neighborhood groups among themselves. The neighborhood groups in the two settlements have been investigated in terms of site layouts and layouts of dwelling groups by means of written and oral surveys. Photographs and - xiv -drawings have been used to collect data. Throughout these surveys, the participation method has been employed. In Part IV, dwellings and have been analysed in their cultural context. The settlements in the Eastern Black Sea region and the historical development of the dwellings have been discussed. This has been done parallel Rapoport's view on dwelling form and culture. In this context,“Dwelling form is a physical expression reflecting the needs of the family and the way of thinking in time, space and grouping. The dwelling is shaped by the ideas and assumptions, that is the rules of space organisation and cultural restrictuons. It can be said that the elements shaping the dwelling are physical forces and socio- cultural factors”. In the Eastern Black Sea region of Anatolia, there are extensive findings dating back to two thousand years ago. In particular, the origins of the architecture in the Hittite State goes back to the building traditions of the Anatolian Plateua. The historical development of dwellings in Eastern and Western Anatolia in the past, in Masopotamia and in Central Anatolia have been explained together with the development of housing architecture in Asia Minor and in the Hittite State; historical housing types encountered in Anatolia have been treated with examples. In Part V, related data have been collected in order to study the environmental and characteristics the culture of the regions where the dwellers of the two squatter settlements in Istanbul used to live. Geographical, social and historical data relating to the Eastern Black Sea region and its sub-region, the Kelkit valley, have been explained. The history of the Eastern Black Sea has been investigated with the result that the first examples of“migrants”in history were the Black Sea people. Throughout history, the ports on the Black Sea have played a significant role. These ports used to be on the cross roads of the trade routes in East-West, and North-South directions in Asia Minor. Because of the topographical characteristics of this region, people living here have developed an enterprising and dynamic personality; thus they were always ready to emigrate from their first dwelling places throughout history. Also in this part, general information about the Kuruçeşme and Maslak Quarters in Istanbul has been given with details about family structures, economic situation, social characteristics of the families and the reasons for emigration. In Part VI, the data relating to the following points have been analysed: Dwelling and settlement characteristics observed in the field studies carried out in the two squatter settlements in Istanbul, namely the Kuruçeşme Quarter and its origin Alucra, the Maslak Quarter and its origins in the - xv -Eastern Black Sea region, the villages of Rize/Kireçhane, Gümüşhane/Araköy and Tokat/Ormanözü; the close environments of these villages; the technical specifications of these villages; the plan types of the dwellings; the use and layout of the dwellings; the alterations made in the dwellings; the characteristics of the previously dwelt houses, and the reasons for their preference for the present dwellings. Significant similarities and differences obtained from the comparison between the squatter settlements and their origins on the basis of the above mentioned data are the following : - Dwellers in these squatter settlements are either blood-relatives or fellow villagers; - Relations with the village of origin weaken as urbanisation overtakes the settlers; - These settlements consist of one- or two-storey dwellings built in green areas; - There are similarities in the settlement layouts. However, because of the land problems in Istanbul, settlement characteristics have undergone a relative transformation. - Squatter settlements have infrastructure services like water, electricity, road and telephone systems. The sewage system has not been completed yet. In the original settlements, infrastructure exists, except for sewage. - In the plan organizations of the squatter dwellings, the similarity of building culture has been continuing in spite of some functional changes. - There is no specilization in spaces for certain activities. - The construction method used is the same; some building materials differ in rural and urban conditions. - The construction process of the squatter dwellings is quite long; changes and alterations are common. - In both of the two settlements, dwellers had their houses built by“master”constructors, who were their fellow villagers or people coming from the same original settlement; the dwelling owners also helped in the construction of their own dwellings. In Part VII, the investigation of the dwelling-culture relationship of the emigrants into big cities has been emphasized and, in Türkiye, the lack of satisfactory studies in this area has been pointed out. Thus, it is essential that the orginal dwellings of the migrants should be studied in historical perspective without losing sight of the tradition and without deteriorating the existing examples of these type of dwellings. The rural architecture in Anatolia throws light - xvi -on the ways of life and dwelling forms in the neighbouring countries and shows how these cultures have mutually influenced each other. It can be said that cultural accumulation still retains the traces of the anonymous architecture in the squatter settlements in the world in general and in Türkiye in particular, where the settlers generally build their own dwellings. A general introduction of the squatter dwellings under investigation and the existing original dwellings (in the regions giving out the migrants) have been made in order to compare them with each other and the examples of the dwellings that have existed throughout history in Anatolia. The examples of the Hittite-type dwelling brought to light in the Eastern Black Sea region has been seen in Boğazköy (Hattuşa). The commonly used elements in thes two sets of settlements are roads and houses as well as the sewage system, fresh water supplies and commonly used water cisterns. The walls of the dwellings were made of standard type sundried bricks. Cut into these sundried walls were fireplaces or ovens built of stone. Equipment like fire places or ovens were generally located in spaces like the living room, the workshops and courtyards. As has been preferred in other places of Anatolia throughout history, the most commonly used type of housing is“Courtyard Houses”. The dwelling type that came into use in the 13th Century B.C. in the Great Hittite State was the“Hall Houses”. These usually had the same pattern and consisted of three parts. The main part was in the middle. A front hall was added to this main hall. The space at the entrance, which constitute the main space, was also the living quarters and was used as the workshop. This main type of dwelling, consisting of the main hall and the front hall, could take the form of“double- spaced houses”. These can be called a type of“Megaron”, which are found in the Aegean and in Troy. In the tradition and development of the dwellings in Greece apart from the islands, dwellings used to be built individually, and dwelling types have not been merged. For this reason, there is not much variety in dwelling types; but with the influence of the original type in the Mycenaean culture and on the islands, the“corridor dwelling type”has emerged. After giving a general introduction to the type dwellings in Anatolian, the cultural similarity has been established between the two squatter settlements and the original dwellings in the regions from where these settlers have migrated. In Part VIII, the conclusion, the results obtained from the study have been summarised as follows: - The two squatter settlements are neighborhoods established by the people who have migrated from the same rural region, - The results of the analysis of the squatter - xvii -neighborhoods being established without title-deeds in these two different locations of Istanbul for fifty years by migrants from the Eastern Black Sea region indicate that the settlers have been retaining their socio-cultural origins without significant changes, - In this thesis, the method of binary comparison (micro comparison) has been employed (1. Between the two squatter settlements and the original settlements; 2. Between the original dwellings and the historical examples). As a result of this comparison, the unity of culture has been established. - Anonymous (Vernacular) architecture in the past and today is a product of the popular culture still continuing in rural regions. Thus, in the developing areas of the world, the effects of anonymous architecture can be seen in the squatter type dwellings. - In this sense, the planning principles that have been being followed since the Neolithic period still exist in the rural architecture of the regions. After the comparative studies have been completed, it has been possible to investigate the needs of the city dwellers, who are now undergoing the process of urbanisation within the context of culture. Thus, some planning and designing data have been obtained, which can be used in finding solutions to the dwelling needs of the emigrants from rural into urban areas. - xvin -
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