Yüksek binalarda asansörlerin tasarımı ve değerlendirilmesi için bir uzman sistem
An Expert system for the design and evaluation of the elevators in high buildings
- Tez No: 21901
- Danışmanlar: DOÇ. DR. GÜLEN ÇAĞDAŞ
- Tez Türü: Yüksek Lisans
- Konular: Mimarlık, Architecture
- Anahtar Kelimeler: Belirtilmemiş.
- Yıl: 1992
- Dil: Türkçe
- Üniversite: İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi
- Enstitü: Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü
- Ana Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
- Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
- Sayfa Sayısı: 197
Özet
ÖZET Yüksek binalarda bina içi sirkülasyon ile doruk saatlerde binaya giriş ve çıkış, tasarım sürecinde mimarın önemle üzerinde durması gereken bir konudur. Bu tez kapsamında, düşey sirkülasyon araçlarından asansörlerin bina için deki konumları, sayıları ve kapasitelerine ilişkin tasarım kararlarının tasarım sürecin de nesnel olarak değerlendirilmesi ve tasarlanması için, seçenek çözümlerin test edilmesine yönelik bir bilgisayar programı geliştirilmiştir. Birinci bölümde, yukarıda anlatılan amaçlar doğrultusunda çalışmanın kap samı anlatılmaktadır. ikinci bölümde yüksek binaların dünyada ve Türkiye'de ortaya çıkma nedenleri, gelişme faktörleri ve yüksek binalara ilişkin dünyadan ve ülkemizden bazı örnekler verilmektedir. Üçüncü bölümde tasarım ve uzmanlığın kuramsal yapısı açıklanarak ardın dan bilgisayar destekli tasarımın başlangıcı, gelişimi ve bu sistemlerin mimarlıktaki etkileri ve kullanımları açıklanmaktadır. Dördüncü bölümde yapay zeka ve uzman sistemlerin kuramsal yapıları anlatılarak, bunların kullandıkları yöntemler, kullanım alanları ve bu konudaki yaklaşımlar irdelenmekte ve ileriye yönelik zeki CAD sistemleri konusunda yapılan çalışmalar anlatılmaktadır. Beşinci bölümde mimari tasarım sürecinde kullanılan uzman sistem çalışmalarına ilişkin örnekler sunulmaktadır. Altıncı bölümde düşey sirkülasyon araçları tanıtılmakta ve yüksek binalarda düşey sirkülasyon araçlarının değerlendirilmesi ve tasarımı konusunda geliştirilen modeller ve bunlarla ilgili örnek çalışmalar anlatılmaktadır. Yedinci bölümde, yüksek binalarda asansörlerin değerlendirilmesi ve tasarımına ilişkin geliştirilen bilgisayar programının algoritması ayrıntılı olarak açıklanmak ta ve Pascal programlama dilinde kodlanmış olan program ve bilgisayar çıktıları ekte verilmektedir. Sekizinci bölümde, çalışmanın amaca uygunluğu ve geliştirilen algoritma çerçevesinde sonuçlar yorumlanmaktadır. - VII
Özet (Çeviri)
SUMMARY“AN EXPERT SYSTEM FOR THE DESIGN AND EVALUATION OF THE ELEVATORS IN HIGH BUILDINGS”The vertical circulation in high buildings entrance and exits to the building at the peak hours are the most important problems during the design activities. In this study, a computer model which evaluates the placement, the number and the capacity of the elevators of the vertical circulation elements and tests the alternative solutions for their design is developed accordingly. In the first section, the study area and the contents with respect to the above stated goals have been defined. In the second section, the reasons of constructing the high buildings in the world and Turkey, the factors of development and some examples of high buildings around the world and Turkey are investigated. The developments in the technology such as invention of elevators and the new materials that can resist against the fire, development of the air condition systems, improvement of the quality of concrete, etc. and the increase in the population density in metropolitans which increases the value of the real estates, some organizational problems, such as the desire to collect all of the cooperations of a holding at a central area, prestige and advertisement are the basic reasons of the high buildings which appear at the end of the 1 9th century and are increasing enormously at the present. In the third section, the theoretical structure of design has been explained, development of the computer aided designs and the effects of these systems on architecture have been discussed. Architecture may be defined such as designing the best environment according to the public needs with the present possible conditions. The basic aim of architectural design is to create the abodeful forms. The architectural design have not a structure about inputs and outputs and also it can not be limited with the set of properties of well-defined units which coming from the functional specifications. -The Computer Revolution began to emerge in Britain and the United States in the years immediately following the second world war and gained power in the last two decades. Whereas the industrial Revolution replaced human muscle power by machines that consume energy the Computer Revolution is replacing human cognitive power by machines that process information. Architectural Computer - viii -Aided Design - CAD systems are already in quite widespread use, and the introduction of these systems can replace much labor in design process. In this section, the impact of Computer Aided Design systems on architecture is investigated. The philosophy of CAAD (Computer Aided Architectural Design) systems is explained the relationships between architectural design and computer modelling are analysed and the potential roles of computers are discussed at the end of this chapter. The fourth section describes the artificial intelligence and the theoretical structure of expert systems, their methods and fields of usage. In this section some thoughts about this subject and intelligent CAD systems where may be used in the future are explained. Artificial intelligence is a field with myths and facts; imagination and reality are mixed together. Even though to imagine would be helpfull, to progress it would be more helpful to know our limitations and to push them forward. In the process of decision-making, human beings call upon a range and variety of different skills. Whilst these are many and varied, they can usefully be classified into three major categories: experience, intuition and logical deduction.. Experience, is built up over time through individuals working in and consequently developing an understanding of some environment.. Intuition, is the acknowledgement of some“good feel”about a situation and the best course of action to take.. Logical deduction, refers to the application of some accepted principles and approaches which have been established in the study of management. In the area of artificial intelligence, a lot of methods about solving problems were developed. We can divide these methods into 4 groups:. Forward chaining: it involves selecting and ordering an appropriate sequence of rules in order to create an end state with the particular intended attributes. In the forward search and backtracking model an appropriate sequence of rules is derived by searching within a higher level of abstraction than that depicted graphically.. Backward chaining: it involves knowing what rules must be applied in order to satisfy certain goals. This knowledge is contained in the rules themselves. Backward chaining is a trivial process when there is only one goal to be achieved, - ix -but becomes difficult when there are more, as satisfaction of one goal can produce a state which precludes the satisfaction of another.. Depth-first search: it uses the analogy of an inverted tree with branchers that connect nodes. A parent node is one from which several branches connect to lower nodes. The depth-first search method becomes very inefficient when the branches of the tree become very large or contain cyclical paths.. Breadth-first search: in this method, the designer tends to focus attention on nodes of the same depth before moving to the next parent node. In practice, the breadth-first search is followed by depth-first search after a feasable solution has been identified. Architectural Expert Systems are expected to solve many of the first generation tools for abstratcion and evaluation, i.e., supply computer aided abstraction and evaluation tools with reasoning capabilities. Architectural expert systems are rule-based systems and frame-based systems that provide the means for codifying the problem-solving know-how of human experts. Rule-based expert systems have a definite place in the architectural design process. Unlike algorithmic programs, they have the potential to solve ill - structured design problems, and they facilitate the representation of inferential knowledge in the form of rules. One a general level, rules are a means to maintain order and to pass information from one generation to the next. Rules are subject to change, as they are the result of time dependent conditions. Although there are serious limitations to the relevance and application of if-then rules in design, they are powerful constructs that may potentially aid in the following areas: preliminary layout, cost estimation, energy consumption prediction, structural safety and building code checking. Frame-based expert systems provide structured representations of objects or classes of objects. They are equipped to capture the way architects typically think about and organize their knowledge. The first architectural implementations of rule-based and frame-based systems are characterized by the limitations of the languages used. Successfull implementations were developed for spatial layout, participatory design and geometric reasoning using knowledge-based systems. In the fifth-section, some examples about expert systems applied during the architectural design processes are presented. - x -Design abstraction and design evaluation are fundamental process to represent and predict the performance of an architectural product. In a rational decision making design context, algorithmic and knowledge-based computer prog rams can support these processes. Expert systems are an evolving class of architectural tools which promise significant advantages over traditional and first generation computer aided abstraction and evaluation approaches. Expert systems are well suited for the comparative evaluation of early design concepts. Performance criteria include energy consumption, first and life cycle cost, circulation effeciency and structural feasibility. To evaluate these criteria in a consistent and systematic way, traditional algorithmic computer programs are used. The evaluation of criteria that are not measurable is supported by rule-based systems and by visualizing the concepts using 3-D modelling and graphics packages. In the sixth section the vertical circulation elements and models of which their design and evaluation are introduced. There are 3 kind of vertical circulation's elements. These are: a) Stairs Stairs are used in the inhabitants circulation between nearest flats. In emergency cases the stairs are used with the elevators for the user's approaching the flats protected against fire and to be carried to the exist. Stairways should not be planned so that a door opens directly on to the top of the flight and, with a comer in a corridor at the top, the highest riser must be at least 305 mm from the point in plan where the wal Iretums. b) Elevators Elevators provide the major facilities for vertical transportation of men and materials. In general the passanger elevator is depended upon to carry up and down traffic in buildings where several peak periods occur each day. Ideal passanger service from an elevator installation provides immediate access to cars at any floor level, rapid transportation, comfort during the acceleration, steady speed and decleration periods, rapid entrance and exit without discomfort. c) Escalators Escalators provide the major faclities for vertical transportation of men and materials. They are selected where large numbers of people are scattered throughout a given area and on a number of floors, these people beign interested in - xi -moving almost constantly to various locations for short periods of time. Thus traffic is constantly on the move both up and, down and usually has a rather uniform 'base load' with only occasional“peaks”. The escalator is most appropriate for large department stores, for basement and first-floor areas of the wool worth-type and supermarket stores and for feeders to adjacent floor levels in subways, railways, bus terminals and stations. In the seventh section, the algorthym of the computer program that is developed for the design and evaluation of the elevators in high buildings is presented in detail, and also the program which is coded in Pascal is given in the appendix. Designing optimal elevators is only possible with predicting the circulation. With this model, the need for the elevators in high buildings is predicted and possib le examples are presented to the user. Finally, the design is followed according to the choice of the user. With this developed model, the decisions during design process can be tested too. In the eight section, the study's results have been discussed according to the thesis aim. - XII
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