Teknoloji transferi ve Türkiye'de petrol rafineri teknolojisi
Technology transfer and petroleum refinery technology in Turkey
- Tez No: 21996
- Danışmanlar: DOÇ. DR. SITKI GÖZLÜ
- Tez Türü: Yüksek Lisans
- Konular: Bilim ve Teknoloji, Science and Technology
- Anahtar Kelimeler: Belirtilmemiş.
- Yıl: 1992
- Dil: Türkçe
- Üniversite: İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi
- Enstitü: Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü
- Ana Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
- Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
- Sayfa Sayısı: 115
Özet
ÖZET Kalite ve üretim düzeyini artırmak, dolayısıyla halkın refah seviyesini yükseltmek için ihtiyaç duyulan teknolojik bilgiye sahip olmak gerekir. Bir ülkede teknolojinin gelişmesi, belirli safhaları aşarak meydana gelmektedir. Teknoloji transfer edilerek veya üretilerek elde edilir. Her ne kadar teknoloji üretimi, teknoloji transferine nazaran daha güç olsada kalıcı başarı teknolojilerin devamlı geliştirilmesiyle mümkündür. Teknoloji transferi bütün dünyadaki teknolojik gelişmelerin takibi, ihtiyaç duyulan teknolojilerin seçimi seçilen teknolojilerin ülkeye ithali, ithal edilen teknolojinin milli şart ve ihtiyaçlara adapte edilmesi, geliştirilmesi ve yayılmasıdır. Teknoloji transferinde başarı, uygun teknolojinin seçimi ile birlikte, uyarlama ve ondan yararlanarak yeni teknolojiler üretim gücüne bağlıdır. Ülkenin ihtiyaçları açısından zorunlu yada faydalı olduğuna karar verilen bir teknolojinin transferi çeşitli şekillerde olabilir. Teknolojiye sahip olan ve onu it hal etmek isteyen ülkenin davranış biçimlerinin farklılık göstermesi, teknolojinin transfer edilmesinde pek çok kanalın ortaya çıkmasına neden olmuştur. Petrol rafineri teknolojisinde meydana gelen en son teknolojik yenilik, ham petrolü daha değerli beyaz ürünlere (LPG, benzin, jet yakıtı, motorin) çeviren“Hydro- cracking(Dönüşüm) ”üniteleridir. Türkiye'de bulunan rafineriler dünyada artık standartlaşan rafinaj teknoloji sine sahiptirler. Bunun yanısıra, İzmit, İzmir ve Orta Anadolu Rafinerilerinde yüksek değerli ürün elde etmeye yönelik“Hydrocracking”teknolojisinin transferi için çeşitli firmalarla lisans anlaşmaları imzalanmıştır.
Özet (Çeviri)
TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER AND PETROLEUM REFINERY TECHNOLOGY IN TURKEY SUMMARY Technology itself is a difficult concept to define. It may be defined as the means or capacity to perform a particular activity. And it also denotes the sum of knowledge, experience and skills necessary for manufac turing a product or service. To raise the standard of living of their own populations, developing countries mould like to utilize the science, technology available in the industrialized countries. There are two ways far acquiring technology. The first is the horizontal way (technology transfer), the second is the vertical way (technology production). Technology production needs more money, time and labour than transferring. Technology, which produces high quality products and services in less time with minimum input, is advanced technology. Old technology sometimes gives more positive conclusions than a modern technology according to the conditions and necessities of the national economy. That is a matter of appropriate technology concept. Appropriate technology is not a certain concept and therefore changes according to the country, region and sector connected with the socio-economic conditions. Appropriate technology is a function of political targets, natural sources, practice and market conditions, economic and social structure. Alternative techniques are varying combinations of labour, management, equipment, and materials. Qualita tive differences in factor inputs and production VIenvironments determine the relative efficiency of a given technique. Choosing technology is the preference amongst alternative technologies, it is connected with the economic structure of a country, production methods, capacity and conditions. At the same time it is process of determining the right and appropriate technological knowledge. The main purpose in choosing is to decide for the technology which increases the quality, quantity, productivity. Technology transfer can be defined as the series of operations of keeping up to date with the latest technological development all over the world, choosing the appropriate technology, the importation of the selected technology, the adaptation of the imported technology into national conditions and necessities, the development and the diffusion of the transferred technology. Technologies are transferred form one country to another or within the same country from one sector of the economy to another to promote national development. Transfer of technology is an integral part of national development. Technological transforma tion provides alternative means for adapting economic structure to the needs and demands of domestic and foreign markets. The successful transfer of technology is directly related to the assimilative, reproductive and innovative aspects of the national technological framework. Technology transfer cost is generally determined by the power degree of reciepient and supplier, exchange and payment conditions in the agreement signed between reciepient and supplier. Besides this, reciepients1 knowledge, about the position of technology in the other markets, is another factor for the cost. The transfer of technology can take various forms depending on the kind of technological aid that is needed far a project. Technology can be transferred through personal contacts in meetings and conferences, reading books, journals, literature, the movement of trained people from one job to another, employment of individual foreign experts, arrangements for supply of machinery, technology licensing agreements, technological Vllexpertise and assistance in various stages of projects, turn-key contracts etc. Among these,“technology licensing agreement”is very important. It means the contract between a licensor, mho supplies technology, and a licensee, mho receives technology, on basis of granting a licence. It relates to the communication of technology on agreed commercial terms. Turkey also transfers technology in various ways in order to develop and reach high technological level. In Turkey, there are little funds for research and development activities. 95-9B% of the funds, which are present all over the world for research and development expenses, and 96 % of technical man power, that is employed for this reason, are in the developed countries. Uhile the proportion of research and development expenses to gross national product is 1-3 % in the developed countries, this proportion in Turkey is about D.5 %. It is not sufficient and is not used for the right purpose. In Turkey, the processes connected with technology transfer are carried out according to certain laws, rules and argeements. However, regulations are not enacted for the problems of the technology transfer. They are indirectly related with the subject. Also they include contradictory rules which are not sufficient Research and development activities which are directed to create local technology or to use imported technology in a more rational way, have strategical importance for development. Turkey has to determine a technology policy, give more importance to the choice of technology and appropriate technology transfer methods to accomplish the aim of technology transfer. Thus, Turkey can be a stable country by using present sources better to get benefit from labour and geographical advantages for development. VlllRefinery activities began in 1930, in Turkey. Batman Refinery was established in 1955 and nou has reached 1.1 million tons/year capacity, in 1961, İzmit Refinery uas established and today has reached a capacity of 13.0 million tons/year. It is the biggest refinery of Turkey. Then a new refinery, called ATAŞ, uas built in 1962. ATAŞ Refinery has k.k million tons/ year capacity. İzmir Refinery, established in 1972, is the first and the only machine oil producer. It has 10.0 million tons/year capacity. After this, Orta Anadolu Refinery uas established in 1986 uith a capacity of 5.0 million tons/year. There are tuo criteria in establishing a refinery. These are the amount and the kind of the product for production and the kind of the petrol that will be processed. During the establishment, special situations of the country are taken into consideration. Petroleum refinery technology, uhich has been developed since the beginning of tuentieth century, has reached to the highest point. Today, refinery technologies are standardized. The newest technology is“hydrocracking”technology that uas found in 1970s. Fuel-oil demand has started to decrease, on the other hand demand of valuable uhite products like gasoline, jetfuel, motor oil has started to increase. Parallel, to changing of the petroleum products demand, the capacity of hydrocracking (conversion) units that convert crude petroleum into valuable uhite products in refineries, has begun to rise rapidly in developed countries. Proportion of crude petroleum processing capacity to phydrocracking units capacity determines the dispersion of valuable products that uill be obtained from the crude petroleum. The rate of con version of crude petroleum to valuable products (LPG, gasoline, jet fuel, motor oil) at the end of the refinery operations is 89% in USA, 7k% in uest Europe and approximately 5556 in Turkish Refineries. If the capacity usage is taken into consideration, capacity usage in the uorld uas 78% in 19B5, 82% in 1986, 81% in 1987, 84% in 1988 and 85% in 1989. This proportion in Turkey's Refineries in 1990 is as follous: IX64.4% in İzmit Refinery, 73.0% in İzmir Refinery, 56.0% in Orta Anadolu Refinery, 51.8% in Batman Refinery and 90.9% in ATAŞ Refinery. In the world, productivity of refineries is about 94.5%. In Turkey, Ataş Refinery has the highest productivity with 96.77% in 1990. İzmir Refinery has 94.25% productivity. In İzmir Refinery, this proportion uas 94.32% in 198B, 93.30% in 1989 and 93.86% in 1990. Orta Anadolu Refinery reached the value of 94.02% in 1990. Productivity of Batman Rafinery is low. It was 88.32% in 1990. Some of the Turkish Refineries signed licensing agreement to transfer the hydrocracking technology. Hydrocracker unit of İzmit Refinery will be completed in 1994 and its licensing agreement has been signed with UNOCAL firm. Hydrocracker unit of İzmir Refinery will be finished in 1993. Agreement has ben signed with SNAMPROGETTI-TEKFEN. The hydrücracker unit of Orta Anadolu Refinery will be completed in 1992.
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