Konut ve çevresinde kullanıcı tatmininin incelenmesi
Assesment of user satisfaction in home environment
- Tez No: 39683
- Danışmanlar: PROF.DR. EROL KULAKSIZOĞLU
- Tez Türü: Doktora
- Konular: Mimarlık, Architecture
- Anahtar Kelimeler: Belirtilmemiş.
- Yıl: 1994
- Dil: Türkçe
- Üniversite: İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi
- Enstitü: Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü
- Ana Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
- Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
- Sayfa Sayısı: 147
Özet
ÖZET Çevre-davranış bilimlerindeki gelişmeler sonucunda, mimarlık ve sosyal bilimler arakesiti kapsamında, konut bölgelerinde yoğun yapılanma şeklinde kendini gösteren mimari biçimlenme ve çözümlemelerde sosyal ve psikolojik kökenli sorunlar ortaya çıkmaktadır. Bu tezde yukarıda bahsedilen çeşitli sorunlardan, konut kullanıcısı olarak insanın konut ve çevresine yönelik duygusal doyum sorunları tartışılmaktadır. Bireyin konutuna karşı ürettiği yanıtları ve algılamaları sonucu ortaya çıkan duygusal durumları tavırlarını oluşturmakta ve konuta yönelik tavırlar ise niyet ve davranışlarını etkileyebilmektedir. Bireyin konut ve çevresine yönelik yanıtlarından oluşan bütünsel ruhsal durumu, konutsal tatmin kavrami ile değerlendirilmektedir. Bu nedenle tezde, insanın herhangibir nesneye karşı ortaya koyduğu duygusal durumu ile tavır, niyet ve davranışları arasındaki işleyiş mekanizmalarını açıklayan kuramlar ve modeller, yaklaşım ve yöntemler incelenmektedir. Konut ve konut çevresinin kullanıcı davranışlarını ne ölçüde etkileyeceği veya belirleyeceği araştırılmaktadır. Tezde, insanların yaşam şekli ve düzeyleri, gereksinmeleri, beklentileri, kişisel tercihleri, inançları, öznel normları ve duygusal durumlarının birbiriyle ve konutsal tatmin ile olan ilişkileri ortaya konulmaya çalışılmaktadır. Kullanıcı olarak insanın tasarlanan çevre ile alışverişinin irdelenmesi yanısıra, tasar lamacının da, insan gereksinmelerine en üst düzeyde duyarlı olabilmesi açısından, mimarların tavırları da incelenmekte ve eleştirilmektedir. Kuram ve uygulama açısından bir kullanıcı-tasarlamacı dialoğunun sağlanması gerekliliği söz konusu edilmektedir. Tezin temel amacı konutta kullanıcı unsurunun değerlendirilerek mimari tasarım alanında 'Kullanıcı Tatmini' verilerinin uygulanma modeli için bir kuramsal yaklaşım öne sürebilmesidir. Bu bağlamda, tasarlama disiplininin bu konudaki çalışma alanına, konut çevresi- kullanıcı-tasarımcı ilişkileri çerçevesinde daha ayrıntılı araştırma ve yöntem doğrultularına katkıda bulunulması hedeflenmektedir. vı ı
Özet (Çeviri)
SUMMARY ASSESSMENT OF USER SATISFACTION IN HOME ENVIRONMENT Through exploration of human-environment interaction, evaluation studies in housing field has become a worldwide issue in various fields. Especially the development of environmental psychology has launched new research areas in architectural research. A number of criticism about social and psychological problems of housing especially related to new housing types takes place and architects' role for residential satisfaction has been discussed by social scientists and designers. In the first chapter, the thesis is introduced. The background of the thesis, subject area, the basic theme, definition the problem, aims, importance, contribution and usage of the thesis are explained. The assumptions and methodology are outlined. In the view of the background, the general aim of the thesis is to assess the human-user factor in residential design by examining theories, theoretical models and various research findings which analyze attitudes, intensions and behaviours of users towards their home environment. One of the other aims is to open an discourse about the role of designers, architects and planners on design of residential environment with a new understanding and conscious about the user satisfaction in a interdisciplinary platform and to generate an user- designer dialogue. The final objective is to feedback design process by satisfaction data. Because of this reason, a proposition for an approach to apply 'User Satisfaction' data in a model in architectural design is developed. The method is to investigate theoretical development and models about residential satisfaction and assess research findings to enlighten in subject area through examining human behaviour towards their physical environment and explore the mechanism under the environment-satisfaction- behaviour relationship. viiiIn the thesis, the concept of 'Residential Satisfaction' has been chosen as an criterion in order to assess man- environment interaction in housing area. However, in the conclusion, a second criterion in evaluation process which are discovered is behaviour. The thesis contribution to the housing problems is to able to define functions of human satisfaction and behaviour through their home environment and suggest further research areas about the relationship among user, designer and residential environment. In the second chapter, user-home environment interaction are investigated. The concepts of environment, environmental quality, habitability, home and home environment are described. The interaction between user and home environment and the problems of residential satisfaction are summarized in general. The definition for concept of user satisfaction and the other related factors are examined. By this examination the subject area, the mechanism under human-environment relationship are explained: Individuals evaluate their home environments by their perceptions, expectations, ideals, preferences depend on their personal characteristics, social status, limits of their environmental tolerance and the level of overall life satisfaction. Through this assessment of users, their housing attitudes, satisfaction, intentions and behaviours are produced. Controlling their residential environment is the pre-condition of user satisfaction. The level of controlling and adaptation to residential attributes are described such as adoption or transformation / individualization of home environment; total rejection and leaving environment causing residential mobility and if it is not possible the change residence, danger of having psychological disorders ranging from stress to mental illnesses may emerge. These behaviours may be observable results of the levels of residential satisfaction. At the end of chapter two, the differences between the concepts of 'User Requirement' and 'User Satisfaction' are investigated. In the meantime, the cons and pros of the use of 'User Satisfaction' as a main criterion on the interaction of user-home environment and the criticism about this subject is evaluated. In chapter three, man-environment interaction, design and the concept of 'User Satisfaction' are examined. In the first part, the approach related to man-environment interaction such as 'Free Will', 'Influencism', 'Probabilism', 'Possibilism' and 'Determinism', are ixdescribed and about their usefulness on the subject area. The Free Will Approach excepts that there is no relationship in man-environment interaction and it is a Utopian assumption. In Possibilism, people are accepted a dominant side of this relationship and use environment by their own choices and wills. In Environmental or Architectural Determinism, environment determines people's behaviour and it is found as a hard statement. Determinism and Possibilism presents one-way relationships. Probabilism is a softer proposition than Determinism and accepts individual's abilities to change their environments as well. However, person has to present the very same behaviour in certain personal and environmental conditions. Probabilism is interpreted as moderate approach in comparison with the other approaches. Influencism accepts two-ways relationship and chosen for presenting human-environment interaction a better and sensible way. In the second part of chapter three, approaches related to user factors in design are investigated such as 'Participation on Design' and 'Environment-Behaviour School of Thought'. The first approach varies in two ways: Participation in Design Process offers the right of decision-making in design of their residential environment to users. Participation after production provides users to control and to transform their home in or after an occupancy period. Thoughts and findings are examined in both variation of participation in the view of user-architect relationship. To the results of studies on this approach, succesful applications of participation does not show a satisfaction guarantee and a number of people do not interested in participation so much. Environment-Behaviour School of Thought suggests collaboration and interpretation research findings and design data together in a interdisciplinary platform composed with designers and social scientists. In the fourth chapter, theories, methods, technics and factors in evaluation of residential satisfaction are assessed: The research approaches in design of physical environment and evaluation of the architectural work are examined according to the literature review. These approaches are divided into two parts dependent upon the stages of process of design: Design-Based Research and Post- Occupancy Evaluation Studies. The aim of first approach is to collect knowledge about design in all stages and levels in order to produce theoretical frameworks, theories and models. The second approach is a kind offeedback research in order to provide future design recommendations through evaluating housing in use. The main approaches in the evaluation of user satisfaction in home environment are summarized as Belief -Affect, Commitment, Availability, Goal-Oriented, Actual-Aspirational Gap Approaches. The investigations of theoretical models in detail are put forward. After the presentation of the early models, Basic Conceptual Model are examined. The integration of the first two models, Integrated Model is proposed. This model includes affective-cognitive-behavioural aspects of satisfaction. In Comprehensive Model, different levels of satisfaction are assessed such as a room, a housing unit, a housing complex, a neighbourhood unit to evaluate overall satisfaction. Attitudinal Model is developed from the Theory of Reasoned Action. In this model, another aspect which is originated in addition to the response trilogy for a social object is behavioural intentions. It stands between attitudes and behaviours. Attitudinal Model and Attitude-Behaviour Model are integrated in the Comprehensive Model of Environment- Satisfaction-Behaviour. In this last model, the criterion is changed into 'Behaviour' from 'Residential Satisfaction'. As a result of investigations in this chapter, residential satisfaction could evaluate in two levels of criteria. The first one is 'Attitude towards Home Environment' (housing satisfaction) and the second one is 'Behaviour' if a behaviour takes place. The other parts of the chapter four, the difficulties to evaluate user satisfaction and criticism and rationalization about these matters are revealed. Related factors, variables and determiners in the satisfaction research are presented. After mentioned various research and methodology approaches, basic data collection methods (questionnaire, interview, observation) and evaluation technics (correlation analysis, regression analysis, multiple regression and contingency table analysis) are explained. In the final part of the fourth chapter, the role of architect in relation with housing evaluation studies are reviewed. Architects and environmental behaviouralists are criticized for their profession-centered point of views and proposed an integrated design-research- application approach and joint group studies are proposed. In the last chapter the basic theme, problem and objectives are summarized. The study is assessed in theoretical and methodological point of views. After the general evaluation of the findings in this thesis, a conceptual model for an application of 'User Satisfaction Data' in architectural design is proposed. According to xiliterature review on the field of housing satisfaction, it is discovered that the subject area has still been in the stage of theoretical development. Without developing adequate collaboration between architects and behavioural scientists, testing any theoretical approach empirically may cause misinterpretations and distortions. Due to the lack of theories, a conceptual proposal is developed and applied into the architectural research area in order to investigate housing satisfaction problems theoretically. In this proposal, after evaluating the process of intensive questionnaire based on social and behavioral sciences, affective-cognitive-behavioural responses of users against to objective attributes of home environment and subjective attributes of individuals are assessed as 'User Satisfaction Data'. Architects, users, developers, constructors, official decision-makers and other related bodies have to participate to the process of developing these data described above. The result of this data development provides building programs depend on an user- designer dialogue and collaboration of members from related disciplines. Consequently, this conceptual model for an application of 'User Satisfaction Data' reveals a more accurate and consistent direction to the architectural design. After interpretation of this proposition, the new dimensions for further research in a interdisciplinary platform are suggested for a conclusion. xii
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