Secularization of alevis in Turkey: An extension of Steve Bruce's secularization paradigm and its application to alevi communities in Turkey
Başlık çevirisi mevcut değil.
- Tez No: 403065
- Danışmanlar: PROF. DR. E. VAN DER ZWEERDE, PROF. DR. C. VAN NIEUWKERK
- Tez Türü: Doktora
- Konular: Din, Sosyoloji, Religion, Sociology
- Anahtar Kelimeler: Belirtilmemiş.
- Yıl: 2017
- Dil: İngilizce
- Üniversite: Radboud Universiteit Nijmegen
- Enstitü: Yurtdışı Enstitü
- Ana Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
- Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
- Sayfa Sayısı: 404
Özet
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Özet (Çeviri)
The meaning of secularization and the question whether a society has secularized or not are still very controversial subjects in the academic world. A profound lack of agreement regarding the definition and measurement of secularization is characteristic of contemporary intellectual life. With this in mind, this thesis claims that Steve Bruce's secularization paradigm (that the modernization process increases secularization and that the Protestant Reformation is the fountainhead of this transformation observed in Western Europe) is valid not only for West European countries and their offshoots, but may also provide valuable insights into the secularization processes in other modern or modernizing parts of the world. But to render Bruce's paradigm valid for non-Protestant societies, his paradigm had to be slightly extended. In this regard, aspects of his paradigm that relate to the history of Europe have to be downplayed (dynamics related to the Protestant Reformation), while those with more universal relevance, such as scientific advancements, industrial capitalism and urbanization, have to be highlighted. The contribution of scientific advances to the secularization process seems to have taken place not directly, but indirectly. Developments in science increase the level of human rational consciousness, and reduce the number of cases where religion touches upon the lives of people. Capitalism is a very powerful dynamic that can turn societies characterized by collective consciousness, hierarchy, simple division of labour, homogeneous-small-isolated communities, powerful customs and traditions that are mingled with religion, into societies characterized by specialization, individualization, rationalization, advanced transportation, split-second communication, and mass production. Urbanization tends to undermine functions of the supranatural forces in three ways: by increasing mobility, offering more alternatives in almost every aspect of life, and lastly by creating and protecting supranatural-free private spaces. The key hypothesis is the following: Three factors, viz. scientific advancements, industrial capitalism, and urbanization can lead to secularization in societies irrespective of the prevailing metaphysical realm. To illustrate the hypothesis developed in this thesis empirically, the proposed extended secularization paradigm based on scientific advancements, capitalism and urbanization has been applied to the Alevi communities in Turkey. There are two fundamental reasons behind this choice: 1) Turkey is not part of Europe or one of its offshoots, and has not experienced the Protestant Reformation in its history. 2) There are many publications which seem to suggest an Alevi revival in Turkey after 1980s. Therefore, this study chose the Alevis in the Adana, Çorum and Tunceli regions as its focus, with premarital dating, mate selection, marriage rituals, divorce, the institutions of spiritual brotherhood and the people's court in these communities as the topics to be explored, since these are all directly influenced by the religious culture. The institutions of spiritual brotherhood and the people's court are dealt with in this study as far as they are concerned with marital issues. During the fieldwork, 28 core questions with regard to marriage were posed to a total of 30 pairs of persons in three cities (with each city having ten pairs) from two generations (parents and children) in semi-structured in terviews to acquire insights into the generation gap with regard to faith and its impact on marital issues. To analyze these large data, a qualitative data analysis software called MAXQDA which is very beneficial, particularly for a large number of files, has been used. In light of those interviews, it can be said that the transformation among Alevi communities in Turkey may also be explained by the extended secularization paradigm as elaborated here. Interestingly enough, the topic of Alevi revival has been the object of academic studies in Turkey since the 1980s. These studies suggest that, among others, Alevis have established associations to promote their identity in public areas; Alevi beliefs and rituals have begun to reach a wider audience through their television and radio channels. The new generation of Alevis, unlike the previous generations, does not hide its identity. The Alevis have become more recognized at the state level compared to the past. However, despite the Alevi revival, the Alevis seem to have distanced themselves from their traditional Alevi beliefs and rituals due to scientific developments, capitalism, and urbanization. Specific to this thesis, it has to be stated that, Alevis in Turkey have become much more modern compared to bygone days, and at the same time a rather pervasive secularization process touches upon all marital issues due to the very structure of modern life.
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