Tarihsel bir perspektifle IMF'nin kapitalist sistemdeki rolü kuruluşundan günümüze IMF ve Türkiye örneği 1946-1979
Başlık çevirisi mevcut değil.
- Tez No: 43883
- Danışmanlar: DOÇ.DR. NURHAN YENTÜRK
- Tez Türü: Yüksek Lisans
- Konular: İşletme, Business Administration
- Anahtar Kelimeler: Belirtilmemiş.
- Yıl: 1995
- Dil: Türkçe
- Üniversite: İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi
- Enstitü: Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü
- Ana Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
- Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
- Sayfa Sayısı: 166
Özet
management of the IMF, we can into a new process of change. say that the IMF may get Lastly, the relationships between IMF and Turkey support the hypothesis that IMF is an important part of the international system making the periphery dependent on the core. Between 1946-1979, in Turkey, the“development”strategies - especially the first and second phases of the import substituting industrialization- have been imple mented under auspices of the IMF. Firstly, in 1946, Turkey adopted some policies such as devaluation and foreign trade liberalization to be able to become a member of IMF. Then, Turkey was directed to implement an agricultural development which would provide a base for import substituting indus trialization. In 1958, Turkey put into practice a stabi lazation program providing a more systematized import substituting industrialization under the pressure of IMF and other advanced capital ist.countries. This strategy was implemented under the continious control of the IMF during 1960s. In 1970, Turkey tried to realize transformation by means of a new program. With this program, by exchange revenue, the transition from another structural IMF stabilization increasing foreign the second phase of import substituting industrialization to.third phase of that (production of capital goods) was aimed. However, the crisis of capitalism decreased the formal funds from advanced capitalist countries and with the increasing difficulties of balance of payments, it became impossible to provide this transition and Turkey adopted an export oriented strategy to be able to obtain the green light of the IMF. In conclusion, the stabilization programs of the IMF can be evaluated as important barriers for a real industrial development for Third World countries because these policies underestimate the needs of poor countries and contribute to the dependency of these countries on developed countries. Although IMF today is also being criticized by the advanced countries. I do not think that IMF can be liquidated. Such an important international tool for developed countries can not be easily given up. x
Özet (Çeviri)
SUMMARY WITH A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE. THE ROLE OF THE IMF İN CAPITALIST SYSTEM IMF: From Its Establishment Up To Now And The Case Of Turkey: 1947-1979 This working aims to give a general framework in terms of being understood of the evolution of the IMF. i IMF established to meet the needs and to provide the continiuity of the capitalist system in 1944. just before the end of the Second World War, have been revised during the development process of capitalism for many t ime s.', Firstly, when we look at the reasons which cause the establ ishment of the IMF. we can say t'hat the after-war capitalist order was made as a response to the problems of the pre-war period whose main character- istics were the increasing nationalism among countries, the big depression years and the weakining of the links between the core and the periphery. IMF was established to provide necessary funds which would given to prevent the nationalist policies damaging the world trade. Additionally, IMF was responsible to provide the funds needed for dependent development policies which would be implemented under auspices of itself, the advanced countries and other international institutions. The IMF was also a part of a new international monetary system which has reflected the power of US dollar as a reserve money. However. it is observed that the effectiveness of the IMF was very limited and also decreased in its early vi iyears between 1947-1950. The reason of this is that the United States did not want to allovr being used of the Fund resources without being adopted the Fund conditionality by other countries in the Executive Board., After the conditionality was adopted in 1950, IMF played an important role in, the international system ı during the 1950s and 1960s. Towards the end of the 1950s, ' a number of circumstances contributed to a majör shift of ! emphasis and mode of operation in aid-giving. in this new style of aid-giving, the importance of the IMF increased. To rely on IMF stand-by arrangements became a“pilot”for other aid programmes and the lending power of the IMF was increased via a quota increase. IMF also developed stand- by arrangements as an important means of accessing to Fund resources in early 1950s. ' During this period.IMF used the stand-by arrangements and its conditionality as a means of directing and controlling the economic policies of the Third World. With these policies, the Thirld World countries became more integrated with the international capitalist system and because of the implemented dependent development strategies (import substitutihg and export oriented), problems, especially balance of payment problems of these countries became more chronic. Between 1950 and late 1960s, IMF directed some countries such as Argentina.Brazil, Mexico to implementing import substituting industrialization and sbme other countries like Chile and Uruguay were opened to trade and financial capital under the continious control of the IMF. Until the capitalist system göt into a depression in the late 1960s, the IMF and the World Bank coordinated ali the formal funds vhich were given from advanced countries to the Thirld World to provide the cbntiniuity of this international system. in 1970s. with the collapse of Bretton Woods system, there was a second amendment in the Fund Agreement. This amendment was a part of the US strategy aiming to strenghten the posit'ion of dol lar against gold as an international reserve money. vi i iAdditionally, in 1970s, the Thirld World countries started to be able to borrow from international private banks. As a resul t, access to IMF resources was declined sharply during this period. Therefore, with the collapse of the Bretton Woods system and the availability of alternative financial resources. IMF was no longer able to control international pa'yments and fixed exchange rates. However, towards the end' of the 1970s, the Thirld World countries which were heavily in debt faced a difficulty of paying these debts back as a result of both the high amounts of their debts, and some negative aspects of the conjuncture. in the mean time, the IMF started to mediate between the Thirld World and private banks. Then, it became necessary to implement stabilization programs of the IMF to be able to find new debts and to pay their debts back. And the main characteristic of these programs has been to direct ali resources of the Thirld World countries to paying their debts back. As a result, the conditionality of IMF. in this period, forced the related Third World countries to eliminate the import substituting industrialization and implement the export oriented strategy. in this period, there was an increasing cooloboration and coordination between the IMF and the World Bank.; The worldwide recession and the debt crisis forced a lot of Thirld World countries to have recourse to the IMF. Additionally, the stabilization programs of the IMF have also been implemented in a lot öf East European countries and Russia despite its proved failure. in this process, the conditionality of the IMF became heavier and the IMF used its increasing resources to direct them to using upper credit tranches more guickly. Additionally, IMF coordinated and implemented the plans which were developed to“solve”the debt crisis after 1980. Despite the plans and making poorer the Thirld World countries, the debt crisis has not been able to be solved. Furthermore, the stabi l ization programs of IMF also darnaged the advanced countries by decreasing the import capacity of the Thirld World countries. Therefore, the IMF is being criticized by everybody including the advanced capitalist countries today. in the 1994 annual meeting of the IMF and the World Bank, a campaign aiming at the removal of the IMF was started by a lot of institutions such as Greenpeace. As a result, when we also take into account the increasing conflicts between advanced capitalist countries which want to have more power in the IXmanagement of the IMF, we can into a new process of change. say that the IMF may get Lastly, the relationships between IMF and Turkey support the hypothesis that IMF is an important part of the international system making the periphery dependent on the core. Between 1946-1979, in Turkey, the“development”strategies - especially the first and second phases of the import substituting industrialization- have been imple mented under auspices of the IMF. Firstly, in 1946, Turkey adopted some policies such as devaluation and foreign trade liberalization to be able to become a member of IMF. Then, Turkey was directed to implement an agricultural development which would provide a base for import substituting indus trialization. In 1958, Turkey put into practice a stabi lazation program providing a more systematized import substituting industrialization under the pressure of IMF and other advanced capital ist.countries. This strategy was implemented under the continious control of the IMF during 1960s. In 1970, Turkey tried to realize transformation by means of a new program. With this program, by exchange revenue, the transition from another structural IMF stabilization increasing foreign the second phase of import substituting industrialization to.third phase of that (production of capital goods) was aimed. However, the crisis of capitalism decreased the formal funds from advanced capitalist countries and with the increasing difficulties of balance of payments, it became impossible to provide this transition and Turkey adopted an export oriented strategy to be able to obtain the green light of the IMF. In conclusion, the stabilization programs of the IMF can be evaluated as important barriers for a real industrial development for Third World countries because these policies underestimate the needs of poor countries and contribute to the dependency of these countries on developed countries. Although IMF today is also being criticized by the advanced countries. I do not think that IMF can be liquidated. Such an important international tool for developed countries can not be easily given up. xSo it can be argued, that IMF will continue to be used for the continiuity of the capitalist system after some forthcoming revisions. xa
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FATİH YAŞLI
Yüksek Lisans
Türkçe
2003
Siyasal BilimlerAbant İzzet Baysal ÜniversitesiSiyaset Bilimi Ana Bilim Dalı
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SEÇİL ŞENEL