Şekerleme endüstrisi atıksularının biyolojik arıtılabilirliğinin belirlenmesi
Respirometric evaluation of the biodegradability confectionary wastewater
- Tez No: 46264
- Danışmanlar: PROF.DR. DERİN ORHON
- Tez Türü: Yüksek Lisans
- Konular: Çevre Mühendisliği, Environmental Engineering
- Anahtar Kelimeler: Belirtilmemiş.
- Yıl: 1995
- Dil: Türkçe
- Üniversite: İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi
- Enstitü: Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü
- Ana Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
- Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
- Sayfa Sayısı: 73
Özet
ÖZET Bu çalışmada, şekerleme endüstrisinden kaynaklanan atıksuların biyolojik arıtılabilirlikleri incelenmiş ve bu amaçla ana üretimleri sırasıyla; yumuşak ve dolgulu-dolgusuz sert şeker üretimi, şekeri i-şekersiz çiklet üretimi ve lokum üretimi olan 3 ayrı endüstriden kaynaklanan atıksuların karakterizasyonu yapılmış ve bu atıksuların arıtılabilirliklerini etkileyen kinetik sabitlerin bir kısmını bulmak üzere bir dizi deneysel çalışma yürütülmüştür. Birinci bölümde; çalışmanın anlamı, önemi, amacı ve kapsamı kısaca özetlenmiştir. İkinci bölümde; şekerleme endüstrisinin genel karakteristik özellikleri kısaca sunulmuş, bu dalda faaliyet gösteren sözkonusu tesislerin genel tanıtımı yapılmış ve herbir tesise ait üretim özellikleri, atıksuların kaynakları ve atıksu miktarları proses akım şemaları ile birlikte açıklanmıştır. Üçüncü bölümde; biyolojik arıtmanın esasları üzerinde durulup, çözünmüş kalıcı KOI miktarının ve biyokinetik sabitlerin tayin ve hesaplama yöntemleri ele alınarak deneysel çalışmalarda kullanılan yöntemler açıklanmıştır. Dördüncü bölümde; sözkonusu tesislerin atıksuları üzerinde yapılan deneysel çalışmalarda kinetik sabitler ve kalıcı KOİ ' nin belirlenmesi amacıyla izlenen yaklaşım tanıtılmıştır. Beşinci bölümde; her bir endüstri için elde edilen deneysel sonuçlar, değerlendirmeleri ile birlikte verilmiştir. Altıncı bölümde; herbir tesise ait atıksular üzerinde yürütülen deneyler sonucunda elde edilen spesifik maksimum çoğalma hızı, içsel solunum hızı katsayısı, kolay ayrışabilen organik madde ve çözünmüş inert madde konsantrasyon değerleri kısaca özetlenerek evsel ve sentetik atıksulara ait değerlerle karşılaştırılmıştır.
Özet (Çeviri)
RESPIROMETRIC EVALUATION OF THE BIODEGRADABILITY CONFECTIONARY WASTEWATER SUMMARY Confectionary Plants constituents are an important branch of food industry from the standpoint of wastewater management. Wastewater is generated as part of the cleaning procedure within the process and consequently, a relatively small wastewater volume with high organic content is produced. Furthermore, the wastewater is quite unbalanced with respect to several significant constituents, with very low nutrient contents as compared to organic compounds. As such, it provides a good example of strong waste easily amenable to biological degradation, as the organic load is mainly composed of production residues in the process reactors. From a scientific view point, confectionary wastewaters are likely to reflect all the striking properties that have been recently identified and studied in connection to COD fractionation and especially, to readily biodegradable COD. In other words, it is a very suitable source for the evaluation of the behaviour of readily biodegradable substrate in aerobic biological treatment. In this context, this paper reviews and evaluates the biological treatability of confectionary wastewaters not only from a traditional engineering approach but to provide an additional inside and clarification to the concept of readily biodegradable COD as defined and tested in all the recent kinetic models. Within the scope of the study, wastewaters from three different confectionary plants have been evaluated both with respect to similarities and differences in the production schemes and the volume and the characteristics of the process wastewaters generated. The wastewater volume per unit product, although low in general, varies from one product to the other, within the same plant. This parameter is observed to stay within the range of 0.17 - 3.2 m3 / ton of product for different types of candies in plant number 2. It goes up to 11 - 12 m3 / ton of product in plant number 1 mainly producing different types of chewing gums and in plant number 3, involved in the production of gummy candies and different types of drops, it goes even to higher values exceeding 20 m3 / ton of product. Wastewater characteristics associated with the three plants investigated are given in Table 1. As observed from the values of the table, the wastewater character changes XIfrom one plant to the other, but maintains, the same general trend in the sense that all wastewaters have high total COD values ranging from 2800 to 6200 mg/lt with very high soluble fractions and depict a good biological treatability from the comparison of the relatively high BOD5 / total COD ratios of 0,64 - 0,79. All the three wastewaters have, as expected very low Ss contents and low nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations. For example, the COD / N / P ratio in plant 1 wastewater calculated as 45 / 0,85 / 1, is very much different from the values commonly accepted for a healty biological degradation. Table 1 The Wastewater Characteristics Associated With 3 Plants The second part of the study has been devoted to the evaluation of biological treatability of the wastewaters, not in a conventional way as it is often tested in different size batch or continuous test reactors, but with a treatability oriented characterization approach using the recent possibilities associated with respirometric analysis techniques and similar experimental procedures enabling calculation of main of the kinetic constants such as the maximum heterotrofic growth rate, JiH, endogenous decay rate, bH and the determination of the basic COD fractions such as readily biodegradable COD, Ss, and inert soluble COD fraction, Si. The assesment of readily biodegradable substrate relies on the observation that the OUR may be experimentally managed to stay approximately constant during the consumption of Ss and drops to a second lower level when Ss is depleted. Therefore, Ss may be calculated from the equivalent oxygen consumption which is equal to the area between the OUR curve defined by the two plateaus, in accordance with the following expression ( Ekama & Marais, 1 986 ); AQ2 (Vml + Vww) (1-Yh) Vww xiiWhere; A02 : Mass of oxygen consumed by SS (area under OUR curve) Vww : Volume of wastewater in the mixture ( L3 ) Vmi : Volume of mixed liquor in the mixture ( L3 ) A sample observation for Plant I is given in Figure 1.“Etnan DDDDDD 0 40 80 120 160 200 240 280 320 360 400 Time ( Minute ) Figure 1 Change In The Values of Ss Belongs to Plant I ( Set 1 ) The assesment of maximum heterotrofic growth rate, juh, relies on the observation of the initial OUR at the F / M ratios recomended for the test. In this framework, the method developed Kappeler & Gujer ( 1 992 ) involving a batch test with centrifuged wastewater and a very small amount of biomass corresponding to an initial COD / VSS ratio of 4 was used. For the observed OUR profile, the following linear expression may be derived, with a slope of (Mh - bH ); In OTH OTHo :(/İH-bH).t The OUR profile such a batch test belongs to Plant I is given in Figure 2. XIIIFigure 2 Batch-Test to Estimate //H of Plant I ( Set 1 ) The experimental procedure of the determination of endogenous decay coefficient involves removing an activated sludge sample from a completely mixed system operated on a continuous basis and aerobically digesting it in a batch reactor where OUR rates are observed over a period of several days ( Ekama & Marais, 1976 ). From the observed OUR profiles, the slope of the obtained curve will equal to the bH coefficient can be calculated on the basis of the following expression; ln^ = ln[l.42(l~fE).bH.XHo]-bH.t A sample observation of this kinetic constant belongs to Plant I is given in Figure 3. 3,0 2,5 4 0,0 3,0 6,0 9,0 12,0 15,0 18,0 Time (day) Figure 3 Change In The Values of bH Belongs to Plant 1 xivFor the assesment of initial inert soluble COD, the procedure proposed by Germirli et all ( 1990 ), involving the experimental observation of the residual COD in two parallel batch reactors one operated with glucose and the other with the wastewater tested, was used. The results of the experiment related with the inert organic fraction of Plant I wastewater is given in Figure 4 as an example. Figure 4 Change in the Values of Si Belongs to Plant I The experimental results obtained from respirometric measurements as well as from batch testes for the assesment of soluble inert COD fraction are summarized in Table 2. Evaluation of the results related to the readily biodegradable COD, Ss, shows that in all the plants investigated, this component constitutes the major fraction of the wastewater COD. In the first plant, Ss is observed to vary in the range of 555 to 1365 mg /I, corresponding to Ss / CT ratios between 0,38 - 0,70. The Ss value in the third plant, although higher, also represent a comparable fraction of the total COD. The second plant, howewer, producing different types of candies and delight, generates a wastewater of different character with a COD almost totally composed of readily biodegradable COD. Parallel test conducted two of the wastewater samples clearly indicate that the test for the assesment of Ss is quite reliable and producible. These results classify confectionary wastewaters quite differently from domestic sewage, basical characterized with an Ss level of around 30 - 50 mg / 1, amounting to only 1 0 % of the total COD. xv3 CO CD a: S c CD E a Q. X UJ CN.Q (0 h- XVIThe maximum heterotrofic growth rate, juH, associated with confectionary wastewaters as observed to stay in the range of 3,8 - 6 day”1. The slightly lower values for the second plant may be attributed to the effect of lower temperature during the experiment. These values compare well with the avarage juH of 4,5 day“1 for domestic sewage and with the range of 4,7-10 day”1 for a synthetic waste of presumbly the same character with confectionary wastes, obtained from similar experiments. The soluble inert COD fraction stay very low for all the three wastes studied, a level of no practical significant for the design of biological treatment process. The endogenous decay coefficient, bH, is experimentally calculated as 0,10 day“1 and 0,13 day”1 for wastewaters from the first two plants and as 0,24 day"1 for the third plant. This observation is the only one compatible with that commonly associated with domestic sewage. Respirometric analysis conducted on confectionary wastes also yield useful information on the activitiy of heterotrofic biomass. Earlier studies indicate that the oxygen uptake rate under maximum growth conditions may be calculated to stay in the range of 130 - 150 mg 02 / g active biomass. hour. Experimental results in the study yield OUR values of 1 1 1 - 1 84 mg 02 / g active biomass. hour, in very good agreement with existing theoretical and experimental data, also providing additional support on the reliability of /}H results. xvii
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