Reçine, aktif karbon ve Uv lambalarının ev tipi su arıtma cihazlarındaki etkinliğinin araştırılması
Başlık çevirisi mevcut değil.
- Tez No: 46265
- Danışmanlar: PROF.DR. DİNÇER TAPACIK
- Tez Türü: Yüksek Lisans
- Konular: Çevre Mühendisliği, Environmental Engineering
- Anahtar Kelimeler: Belirtilmemiş.
- Yıl: 1995
- Dil: Türkçe
- Üniversite: İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi
- Enstitü: Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü
- Ana Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
- Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
- Sayfa Sayısı: 143
Özet
ÖZET özellikle son yıllarda, Ülkemizde çevre kirlenmesine paralel olarak içme suyu kaynaklarının kirlenmesi gündeme gelmiştir. İçme sularının yeterince arıtılamaması veya dağıtımı sırasında şebekede oluşan kirlenme nedeniyle ev tipi su arıtımı cihazlarının kullanımı yaygınlaşmıştır. Bu çalışma aktif karbon, reçine ve UV lambaları ile donatılmış ev tipi su arıtma cihazlarının verimliliğini görmek amacıyla yapılmıştır. Birinci bölümde, yapılan çalışmanın amaç ve kapsamı açıklanmış ve önemi vurgulanmıştır. İkinci bölümde, adsorpsiyonun tarihçesi özetlenmiş, mekanizması tanımlanmış ve su arıtımında aktif karbon adsorps iyonunun mevcut bilgileri verilmiştir. Üçüncü bölümde, iyon değiştirme prosesi ve uygulamaları özetlenmiştir. Dördüncü bölümde, UV ile dezenfeksiyonun temelleri açıklanmıştır. Besinci bölümde, laboratuvar ölçekli kolon, prototip ve ilave olarak UV ile dezenfeksiyon deneysel çalışmalarının planlanması, yürütülmesi açıklanmış ve elde edilen sonuçlar verilmiştir. Altıncı bölümde, genel değerlendirme yapılarak sonuçlar açıklanmıştır. xıı ı
Özet (Çeviri)
SUMMARY RESEARCH OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF RESIN, ACTIVATED CARBON AND UV LAMPS IN THE HOUSE TYPE WATER TREATMENT EQUIPMENT Over the last decades, the pollution problem of the world have increased very rapidly depending on increasing of population and developing of industrial activities. This problem is very strongly marked in industrially developing countries like Turkey. Especially, in the last years, due to water treatment plants which are not sufficiently operated to provide drinking» water quality standards, some local solution techniques have become in the agenda. This study was implemented to see and define of efficiency of a House Type Water Treatment Equipment which is considered a partly solution for this problem. In the first chapter, the importance and general objectives of the study are defined in detail. In the second chapter, history and mechanism of adsorption is given. The discussion is made of on the basis of available information of activated carbon adsorption. In the third chapter, ion exchange processes and the effect of environmental factors on process performance were given. In the fourth chapter, principles of the disinfection of UV irradiation are given. In the fifth chapter, experimental set-up and methods followed through laboratory studies are explained. In the sixth chapter, general evaluation of the experimental results has been done and conclusions are given. Purification of water supplies by adsorption of xivundesirable contaminants onto solid adsorbents has a short history compared to other processes. Adsorption was first observed in solution by Lowitz in 1785 and was soon applied as a process for removal of color from sugar during refining. At present, the applications of adsorption in water treatment are predominantly traditional taste and odor control. However adsorption is increasingly being considered for removal of synthetic organic chemicals, color-forming or occuring precursors. Some inorganic compounds that present a health hazard, such as heavy metals, are also removed by adsorption. When water is superchlorinated, adsorption is (sometimes) used to dechlorinate the final product. Adsorption is the phsical and/or chemical process in which a substance is accumulated at an interface between phases. The adsorbate is the substances being removed from the liquid phase to the interface. The adsorbent is the solid phase onto which the accumulation occurs. The removal of contaminants from the process stream occurs primarily by physical adsorption of the contaminants onto the surface of the carbon. This adsorption is due to naturally occuring attractive forces between the molecules on to the surface of the carbon surface and those in solution. Physical adsorption is further enhanced by the lack of affinity of the contaminants for the solution. Activated carbon is used in both granular and powder forms. The powder form is usually added to a process stream and then filtered out downstream. The powder form can also be added to acctivated sludge processes to provide sites for bioactivity. The granular form is most commonly used for water treatment where it is typically employed in downflow fixed bed for flexibility. Activated carbon is produced from materials with high carbon content such as coal, peat, wood or coconut shells. The coal-based raw material is the most common type of activated carbon. It is generally produced by grinding the coal, adding a binder, recompacting, and granulating and then effecting thermal decomposition in the presence of steam to result in the carbon skeletal type particle. The raw material may be an important factor in selecting an activated carbon for a given process. In addition to knowing which compounds are adsorbable, it is often useful to conduct a series of tests to determine the applicability of adsorption for the specific water. The liquid-phase adsorption isotherm test is the basic preliminary evaluation tool for adsorption. The isotherm is a batch test in which a fixed quality xvof water sample is contacted with varying amounts of carbon. The carbon is pulverized to reduce the length. of testing time required to reach equilibrium. An adsorption isotherm will provide the following useful information: -adsorbabi lity of compound(s) to determine whether further evaluation is warranted; -equilibrium capacity to provide a basis for preliminary estimate of carbon usage -changes in adsorptive capacity relative to contaminant concentration, which shows the effect of the adsorption process if contaminant concentrations are expected to change. If the isotherm data establish that carbon adsorption is a viable treatment process, additional information not readily available from the isotherm test should be obtained. Dynamic adsorption testing will provide the necessary design data, including the contact time required and the type of“breakthrough curve”. The breakthrough curve is the contaminat concentration existing the bed over time as the carbon's capacity for the contaminant becomes fully used. The scaled column test is the most common and direct means to obtain the operating design information. To make granular activated carbon economically feasible for water and wastewater treatmant in most applications, the exhausted carbon water must be regenerated and reused. Ion exchange processes are used to remove undesirable ions such as Ca2f, Mg2t, Fe2+ and NH4f from water and wastewater. THe exchange medium consist of a solid phase of naturally occuring minerals or a synthetic resin having a mobile ion attached to an immobile functional acid or base group. In the exchange process the mobile ions are exchanged with solute ions having a stronger affinity for the functional group(e.g. Ca*2 replaces Na* or S0t“2 replaces CD. Naturally occuring ion exchange material, known as zeolites are used for water softening and ammonium ion removal. Zeolites used for water softening are complex aluminosi licates with sodium as the mobile ion. Ammonium exchange is accomplished using a naturally occuring zeolite cl inopt iol i te. Synthetic aluminosi l icates are manufactured, but most synthetic ion exchange materials are resins or phenolics polymers. Four types of ion echange xviresins are in use: 1) strong-acid cation exchangers having a strong-acid functional group; 2)weak-acid cation exchangers having a weak-acid functional group; 3) strong-base anion exchangers having strog-base functional groups; and 4) weak- base anion exchangers having weak-base functional groups. Low-pressure mercury vapor lamps which emit a narrow band of radiant energy at 2537 A”are used for disinfection in some small-scale industrial applications but largely for reasons of economics, have not found significant application in municipal water or wastewater treatment. Ultraviolet light may kill a cell, retard its growth, or change its heredity by gene mutation. Because most proteins show marked absorption bands in the ultraviolet region, it is assumed that the nucleic acids in bacterial cells absorb the energy, and are consequently destroyed. These nucleic acids include desoxyribonucleic acid(DNA) in the nucleus and ribonucleic acid(ENA) in the cytoplasm. The radiation dose and the particular portions of the cell receiving it determine which of the three effects takes place. Different bacterial forms exhibit different resistances to ultraviolet irradiation, spores being more resistant than vegetative cells. Ultraviolet irradiation also produces hydrogen peroxide in aqueous solution, which in turn may play some small part in cell destruction. Use of ultraviolet light for disinfection has some definite advantages. Because nothing is actually added to the water, no desirable qualities will be changed. No tastes or odors result from the treatment. A significant disadvantage of UV irradiation as a means for disinfecting large-scale water supplies relates to the fact that it provides no residual protection againts recontamination. The study has been done in three phases. First study has been done with the installed as laboratory scale activated carbon and resin columns by using synthetic solutions to test theirs efficiencies. Second study has been done with a prototype house type water treatment equipment to see its useful age when it treats tap water. In the third phase, the efficiency of UV lamps has been analysed by installing them at the effluent point of prototype equipment. The results obtained form the study can be summarized as below: -At the end of the column resins studies, breakthrough curves has showed that the water volumes are 60 liters, 50 liters and 8 liters for 62 "Fr, 84 °Fr and 108 °Fr respectively. When the resins, used for same hardness xvi xdegrees, were rejenerated twice, the effiencies has droped between 5-10 percentages. -Column activated carbon sduties showed that water having high chlorine content reacts with activated carbon in a short time and destroyes the surface of the activated carbon. From this point, it can be said that chlorine is removed by reacting with activated carbon. -Batch-test activated carbon study results have showed linearity when Langmuir isotherm equation was used. -When UV lamps are installed followed protype study, approximately 99 % microbial removal efficiency can be provided. -On the basis of different parameters, the useful age is gven for the prototype study in Table 1. Table 1. Useful Age of House Type Water Treatment Equipment (Prototype study) XVI 11
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