Doğu Karadeniz yaylalar bölgesinde kültürel-fiziki çevre etkileşimi ve turizm ilişkileri üzerinde bir inceleme
Başlık çevirisi mevcut değil.
- Tez No: 46634
- Danışmanlar: PROF.DR. MİNE İNCEOĞLU
- Tez Türü: Yüksek Lisans
- Konular: Mimarlık, Turizm, Architecture, Tourism
- Anahtar Kelimeler: Belirtilmemiş.
- Yıl: 1995
- Dil: Türkçe
- Üniversite: İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi
- Enstitü: Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü
- Ana Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
- Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
- Sayfa Sayısı: 115
Özet
ÖZET Tarihsel, kültürel ve doğal özellikleri bünyesinde barındıran özel nitelikli çevreler, değişen sosyo-kültürel yaşam nedeni ile tehdit altında bulunmaktadır. Sosyo kültürel değişikliğin önemli bir boyutu olan turizm de bu çevrelerde etkili ise, sonuç daha da kötü bir duruma ulaşmakta, özel nitelikli çevreler hem fiziksel, hem de sosyo-kültürel açıdan yok olmaktadır. Bu nedenle son zamanlarda hızla değişen sosyo-kültürel değerlerin korunabilmesi büyük bir önem taşımaktadır. Bu amaçla tez kapsamında, turizme yeni açılan bir bölge olan Doğu Karadeniz Bölgesi yaylalanndaki kültürel değişmenin kullanıcı gereksinmeleri üzerindeki etkisi belirlenmiş, turizmden kaynaklanan kültürel değişme sonucunda oluşan kullanıcı gereksinmelerinin değişimi ile karşüaştınlmıştır. Birinci bölüm, konuya giriş mteliğinde olup, burada araştırmanın amacı belirlenip, araştırma alam olarak Doğu Karadeniz Bölgesi'nin seçilme nedenleri ortaya konmuş, araştırmada kullanılan yöntemler açıklanmışta:. İkinci bölümde Doğu Karadeniz Bölgesi'ndeki yaylaların tarihi ve kültürel analizinin yanında doğal ve fiziki çevre olarak analizi yapılmıştır. Yörenin yerleşme kriterleri belirlenmiş, yayla evleri tipolojik, mekansal elemanlar ve detaylar bakımından incelenmiş, geleneksel Türk evi ile karşıkştalmıştır. Bütün bu analizler kültür kavramı ve loütürün çevre ile ilişkileri temelinde ele alınmıştır. Üçüncü bölümde davranış, kullanıcı istekleri ve gereksinmeleri, kültürel değişme gibi kavramlar ele alınmıştır. Kullamcılann yaylalardaki gereksinmeleri belirlenmiş, yayla dışındaki konutlarındaki gereksinmeleriyle karşılaştırılarak, kültürel değişmenin kullanıcı istek ve davranışları üzerindeki etkisi belirlenmiştir. Dördüncü bölümde, turizmin fiziksel, ekonomik, sosyal ve lcültürel etkileri açıklanıp, yöredeki turizmin kültürel etkilerinin kullanıcı gereksinmeleri üzerindeki etkisi belMenmiştir. Sonuç bölümünde, yukarıda elde edilen veriler karşılaştırılarak bir sonuca varılmaya çalışılmıştır. xııı
Özet (Çeviri)
SUMMARY A STUDY ABOUT CULTURAL - PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT INTERACTION AND TOURISM RELATIONS IN EASTERN BLACK SEA PLATEAU REGION The socio-cultural life, which has gone through a period of change in recent years, has begun to affect to a considerally high extent our rural areas as well as our big cities. In case this change occurs in special environment, carrying not only historical and cultural but also natural elements, the problem appears to have a more severe aspect. An important dimension of socio-cultural change is the tourism factor. This factor which has been effective especially in recent years in our western and southern regions threatens our habitats carrying most important traces of Turkish culture, each having a documentary value. Researches on tourism have only been concentrated on its economic effects; its possible positive aqnd negative effects on socio-cultural life have not been considered at all However, negative effects of tourism in this respect are increasing each day that results in the destruction of special environment in terms of socio-cultural and physical aspects. The aim of this study is to determine the extent of change in user's requirements according to the changes in socio-cultural life and the general effects of tourism in this respect. For this reason, following determination of user's requirements, how those requirements change according to different cultural relations shall be revealed and this change shall be compared with the one resulting from cultural effects of tourism. Thus, the cultural system to be most effective during the culturalization process affecting user's demands, requirements and behaviours shall be decided. Finally, measures which should be taken in order to protct the socio-cultural values rapidly changing in recent years and accordingly to preserve structural aspects of special environments shall be determined. Covering all the above-mentioned problems, Eastern Black Sea Region constitutes the field of research of this thesis due to the fact that it represents to be a region neawly open to the tourism activities but still recognized in this sector that makes it a region exposed to a rapid socio-cultural and physical destruction. Being a special environment, this region also has historical, cultural and natural values. The fact that it represents to be special environment recently open to tourism activities provides the inhabitants of the region in relation with people from various cultures visiting the region. Also, the seasonal migration of the inhabitants to the big cities in order to provide their living contributes to make in relation with people from various cultures. Considering all these aspects, plateaus in Eastern Black Sea region covers all the subjects and problems to be studied. xivThe first chapter constitutes the introduction including the aim of this research, the reasons why Eastern Black Sea Region is designated as the field of research and the methods used in this research. Two different field studies are conducted in the direction of the determined within the scope of thesis. One of these studies is performed in Ankara with people of Black Sea Region migrating to Ankara at determined periods of the year in order to provide their living. Thus, it could not be possible to visit the users' houses in Black Sea Region where they live and to produce their planning scheme. The total number of people participated to this inquiry was 15. However, in the field study conducted in Black Sea Region, typical plateau houses are visited, photographed and their planning schemes are produced. 22 persons participated to the interview. In this field study, plateaus situated in Çamhhemşin district of Rize are considered to constitute the field of study. Ayder plateau situated in Çamhhemşin district of Rize is designated as the field of study due to the fact that it represents to be the tourism region covering thermal spring, mountain and plateau tourisim facilities. The inquiry study is concentrated on this plateau. The situation is mostly related to the richness of this area in respect of accomadations for tourists. Also, two other plateaus, Yukarı Kavran recently open to tourism and Palakçır still being close to tourism activities are dealth with and compared with other plateaus situated in the city of Trabzon. Results of these two distinct studies evaluated due to the distribution tables are compared in order to reach a conclusion. In our traditional architecture, types of house plans are determined by socio economic and cultural structure of families living there in. Due to the important role of culture in house planning and the effects of tourism, a research study about this subject has to be conducted in order to preserve our traditional habitats. Characteristics of the culture may be listed as follows: - Culture controls human behaviours. Structural environment exists with culture and constitutes a part there of. The whole artifical environment reflects cultural values. - Culture goes through a period of change within time dimension in order to be adapted to the environment. - Accordingly, change in cultural structure is accomparied by a change in structural environment. - Culture mostly meets basic biological needs and secondary needs arising therefrom. - Changes in cultural system occur in order to meet biological and psychological demands and requirements of individuals. - Culture plays an important role in resolving the conflicts which reinforce the gaps resulting from social and cultural changes. xvAll these characteristics reveal that culture is in close relationship with physical environment and user's requirements. Thus, in order to control changes in special and physical environments and user's requirements, the cultural structure of that environment should be primarry analyzed. For this aim, following the general definition and characteristics of the culture, the second chapter of the thesis also includes an analyze of the cultural structure and physical structure having correlation with cultures of the plateaus situated in Eastern Black Sea Region. The criteria for settlement are determined on the basis of cultural concept; plateau houses are examined in respect of typological, spatial elements and details and compared with tradational Turkish houses. The results of this study are mentioned below: The characteristic type of settlement in Black Sea Region is the dispersed settlement. The main reasons why this type of settlement is preferred in this region may be listed as follows: - Eastern Black Sea Region is rich in water and green areas. Accordingly, there is no need for compact settlement in places where water and green areas are alrundant. - The inhabitants of Eastern Black Sea prefer to be settled near their field due to the economic problems and transportation difficulties. For this reason, their field is situated on the slope and this house is constructed at the top of the slope. This situation creates dispersed settlement. The most important factor determining the characters of the houses in Black Sea Region as well as the criteria for their settlement and their mutual relationship is the natural structure of the land. Compared to the village houses, plans of the plateau houses in this region are rather simple. In the simplest ones, kitchen and sofa are the same places and they are on the way to go to the bedroom. In some cases, bedroom is also included in the kitchen. The space gained from the slope is used as barn. The construction material characterising this region is the wooden. This material is preferred due to the moist climate and forestal vegelation cover of the region as well as the easiness of its repair. The construction system used in plateau houses is based on the masonry construction method. The roofs in this region are gable roofs and material used to cover them is metaL Plateau houses in this region may be compared with tradtional Turkish houses in respect of the four following points: 1. Settlement characteristics 2. Relationship between the house and its environment. 3. Spatial elements 4. Details XVLIn the third chapter, some concepts including behaviours, user's demands, user's requirements and cultural change are discussed. User's requirements living in the plateau are determined and compared with their requirements when living in their winter residences. As a result, the effect of cultural change on user's demands and behaviours is determined. User's requirements reveal an obligation and define the minimal number of qualities a place should have. User's requirements concerning residences may be classified in three groups: 1. Physical requirements 2. Functional requirements 3. Social and cultural requirements The enquiry study conducted reveals that the user's functional needs in this region are concerned with the sanitization of bathrooms and toilets, the repair of houses and the activities for their expansions. As to the user's requirements when living in then- winter residences, they may be stated as solving population and environmental pollution problems as well as sanitization of bathrooms and toilets. Having a great effect on socio-cultural life, the cultural change results from the interaction among different cultural groups. There is a strong relationship between culture and values (images). Particularly, in special environments the values and symbols occupy an important place in socio-cultural respect. In a tradational settlement where cultural change has an important impact,“tradational common values and symbols ”begin to disappear. The formation of the environment becomes more independent and personal in consequence of reduced common values, symbols and images in society and those icreased peculiar to individuals or groups. This situation also indicates that the cultural cange which is closely related to the physical environment and user's requirement will create a change in values and symbols which in their turn cause user's requirements and physical environment to change. For this reason, in special environments, the effect of cultural change on user's requirements and behaviours are determined and controlled in advance in order to provide the preservation of socio-cultural values and structural qualities of this environment. The results of the field studies indicate that the inhabitants of the region interact with other people from various cultures during their seasonal migration to the big cities. The situation creates cultural change which in its turn produce changes in user's requirements and problems related to urbanization become more apparent. Although it is inevitable that both distinct cultures experience a change at the end of culturalization process, in the thesis only the cultural group consisting of native people is assumed to be submitted to change. xviiThe cultural change occouring at the end of culturahzation, acculturation and similar cultural processes, forces the user to develop new types of behaviours corresponding to the new values and symbols in society or to be adapted to the environment. There are three methods concerning this subject: - Adaptation by adjustment - Adaptation by reaction - Adaptation by withdrawal Due to the lack of time, the thesis covers only the extent of change in people's values and symbols according to the different cultural relations. The questions concerning how people adapt themselves to the environment, how they change the environment and how the environment is adapted to those behavioural changes are not dealt within the scope of this diesis. Tourism is a fact occuring in natural and cultural environments. As the other types of industry, it causes development and change. It is considered as an inter-cultural industry occuring between inhabitants and tourists whose cultural values differ considerably. Thus, tourism constitutes one of the most important factors of acculturation and accordingly of cultural change. Due to the above mentioned characteristics, while analyzing the effect of cultural change on structural environment and user's requirements in special environments, the tourism activities in this region should also be taken into consideration. For this aim, in the fourth chapter of the thesis are explained the economic, social and cultural effects of tourism and is determined the impact of cultural effects of the tourism in the region on user's requirements. Positive effects of tourism on natural and physical environment may be listed as fallows; 1. Preservation of archeological and historical regions and architectural characteristics -Preservation by repair -Preservation by new functioning 2.Preservation of natural areas 3. Providing environmental control However, the negative effects of tourism on natural and physical environment are; 1. Damages on archeological and historical regions 2.Environmental pollution 3. Waste problems 4.Environmental disasters 5. Ecological corruption 6. Changes in population. The effects of tourism on the social environment are classified as fallows; xviii1. Social change 2.Effects on moral behavior 3. Effects on language 4.Effects on religion 5. Effects on health. These social effects are generally negative. The effects of tourism on the cultural environment are grouped as fallows; 1. Communication among culturals 2. Tourism and physical culture 3. Tourism and local customs. In this region, it is not possible to observe the negative cultural effects of tourism. The main reason of this is that the users are faithful to the traditions. Due to the cultural effects of tourism in this region, residents interact with people from different cultures who came there for touristic purposes. However, these interactions did not cause any change in user's requirements. The user's requirements, when they use their houses as pensions, are concerned with the sanitization of toilets and enlargement of the residences. The conclusion part includes an evaluation of the results received. This evaluation reveals that the effect of cultural change resulting from interaction with metropolitan citizens from distinct cultures on user's requirements differ from the one resulting from tourism. These results are mostly effected by the fact that the region is suitable for tourism due to the use of plateau houses as pensions. Accordingly, the cultural interaction observed in this region due to the tourism activities has an important effect on user's requirements. These plateau houses may be randered adequate for tourism by the sanitization of bathrooms and toilets and due to some repairs. However, these are not only the needs arising from the tourism but also from the necessity of repairing the house in order to provide the continuation of old functions. The fact that tourism has any effect on user's requirements may also be explained by the broad environmental conscious of the residents. The problems caused by urbanization have an important effect on the change of user's requirements resulting from the interactions among different cultures in metropolitan areas. Also, the sensetiveness of the residants towards their environment, their efforts to preserve the cultural heritage and accordingly their aspiration for plateau houses were also effective. In order to develop the tourism industry, the positive effects of tourism on the environment should be increased whereas its negative effects should be decreased. However, the fact that tourism has no effect on user's requirements in this region which is suitable for tourism due to its existing opportunities indicates that there is nothing to do concerning this subject. Moreover the increase of residants' xixconsciousness and their environmental sensetiveness plays an important role in preventing the effects of cultural and structural corrupation produced by tourism or other interactions. However, the residants have extended environmental awareness. The structural corrupation occuring despite all these facts prove the lack of planning and administrative decisions. xx
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