Old bridge as a symbol of multiculturalism: Global discourse and local narratives in Mostar
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- Tez No: 508102
- Danışmanlar: Dr. HUI-CHING CHANG
- Tez Türü: Doktora
- Konular: Halk Bilimi (Folklor), Sanat Tarihi, Tarih, Folklore, Art History, History
- Anahtar Kelimeler: Belirtilmemiş.
- Yıl: 2017
- Dil: İngilizce
- Üniversite: University of Illinois at Chicago
- Enstitü: Yurtdışı Enstitü
- Ana Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
- Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
- Sayfa Sayısı: 209
Özet
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Özet (Çeviri)
This ethnographic study explores contested meanings attached to Old Bridge in Mostar, a unique, divided public space and also a UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) Heritage Site where locals must negotiate their identities vis-à-vis global and national authorities. Narratives of the locals are embedded within, and at the same time, struggle against state and international discourse about what Old Bridge is and ought to be. Two major themes emerged during my fieldwork, which I have labeled public space and globalization. Residents' narrations of memories, legends, images and daily use of Old Bridge show us the social construction of public space and how it was contested for political, economic and ethnic reasons. As locals narrate Old Bridge, they also define—against other residents' alternative ethnic, political, and cultural inclinations on the one hand, and constructions by governmental and international organizations on the other—their identities and worldviews. Diverse, if not opposing, views on Old Bridge highlight the dialogical character of these narratives. Eventually, local conflicts over public space point to larger ethnic and cultural issues in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Interviews show that locals spoke of the divided Mostar in three different ways. First, residents refer to economic development gaps between the East and West of Mostar, while talking about the divided status of the city. Second, residents refer to Old Bridge and the Neretva River as a geographical border separating the eastern and western sectors. Third, residents feel that the division is developed mentally, strengthened by the rhetoric and media images of those of the older generations and politicians. Old Bridge, once a space of opposition and even military conflict, still stands as a spatial boundary that reflects the current conflicts within the city whether they are cultural, economic, and/or political in character. Globalization was another theme I explored in order to understand how globalization affects interpretations of meanings about the Old Bridge at multiple levels and aspects, specifically, how locals' narratives of public space differ from those of state and global authorities, as evidenced in various documents and texts. There is an enormous resentment towards international authorities and organizations, by both younger and older generations of Mostar residents. They claim that international organizations could not play an influential and preventative role during the Bosnian War. Furthermore, international organizations have been criticized for their current policies, which many regard as inactive or ineffective. There is also an impression among many Mostar residents that the international organizations replace the empires which previously ruled in Bosnia and Herzegovina. There appeared to be mixed interpretations with regard to the impact of UNESCO's decision to add Old Bridge to the World Heritage List. Generally, the residents I interviewed describe this as a positive step toward reconciliation in Mostar. A handful of residents from both sides find the decision beneficial for tourism and for promoting Mostar. Although praising UNESCO's decision, most interviewees criticized UNESCO for its inability to provide further inspection and protection for Old Bridge and its surroundings. That the Old Bridge is a World Heritage Site has also become an overarching theme for Mostar's city branding and tourism promotion, often through selective reading of history, as the city tries to find a delicate balance between economic gain and preserving its cultural character and identity, a struggle that most residents find unsettling. Representation of Old Bridge as a symbol of multiculturalism is also found to be more prominent at the global level than the local level. Though state officials and global authorities unanimously agree—and indeed greatly promote through various discourses, whether online, printed, or in other manifestations—Old Bridge as a multiculturalism symbol, locals narrate different meanings and provide alternatives to the dominant ordering and imagining of the Old Bridge. For the locals, Mostar has always been naturally multicultural and there is no need for a multicultural concept to be brought by international organizations. As Mostar's multicultural character has been brought into a halt during the war, some locals have yet to see international organizations' effective efforts in making Mostar multicultural again. As a public space, Old Bridge and Mostar are conceived, perceived, and represented by different agencies, whether individual, or state or international organizations, as each embraces a unique view of the history of Bosnia and Herzegovina, especially the destruction and the rebuilding of the Old Bridge. As locals continue to live their day-to-day life in response to, and in spite of, global discourse imposed by UNESCO and others, Old Bridge continues to evolve as site of interpretations.
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