Denizlerde petrol kirlenmesi ve kontrol yöntemlerinin incelenmesi
Başlık çevirisi mevcut değil.
- Tez No: 55838
- Danışmanlar: DOÇ.DR. İSMAİL TORÖZ
- Tez Türü: Yüksek Lisans
- Konular: Çevre Mühendisliği, Environmental Engineering
- Anahtar Kelimeler: Belirtilmemiş.
- Yıl: 1996
- Dil: Türkçe
- Üniversite: İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi
- Enstitü: Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü
- Ana Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
- Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
- Sayfa Sayısı: 166
Özet
ÖZET Denizlerin gemilerden İdrletilmesinin önlenmesi idari mevzuatın ve teknik literatürün birlikte düşünülmesi gereken bir konudur. Özellikle Boğazlar gibi ağır deniz trafiğine maruz ve smirk navigasyon imkanı sunan bir bölge için problem daha da büyüktür. Ayrıca Marmara ve Boğazlar'm uzun süredir kara kökenli ağır kirlenme yükü altında olması daha da düşündürücüdür. Bölgemizde gelişen deniz trafiği ve taşımacılık yükünün yanı sıra meydana gelen kazalar incelendiğinde konunun daha da vahim olduğu görülmektedir. Marmara'da deniz trafiğinden kaynaklanan kirliliğin önlenmesi için ilgili ulusal ve uluslararası mevzuatımız mcelenmiş, ilgili bırumlar belirlenmiş, acil durumlarda görev alacak kurum ve launüuşlarm yapacağı işbirliği, görev ve sonrauulukları mcelenrniştir. Kazayla deniz kirlenmesinde, kazanın kaçınılmaz olması durumunda denize dökülen veya dökülmesi muhtemel petrolün temizlenmesi, iyi planlama ve uygulama gerektiren teknik bir problemdir. Kirlilikle mücadelede esas önem petrol ve türevlerinden oluşan ürünlerin temizlenmesidir, zira deniz yoluyla petrol taşımacılığı son yıllarda büyük önem kazanmıştır. Bu amaçla Akdeniz Eylem Planı çerçevesinde Akdeniz Petrolle Acil Mücadele Merkezi (REMPEC) tarafından hazırlanan MEDIPOL baz alınarak kazayla deniz kirlenmesine karşı mücadelede uygulanacak yöntemler, alınacak kararlar ve laıllanılacak teknik metodlar mcelenmiştir. Ulusal Acil Plan çerçevesinde bu teknik esasların uygulanabilirliği, verimi, yeterliliği araştırılmıştır. Uygulanabilecek metodlann çeşitliliğine rağmen bunların verimliliği muhtelif faktörlere bağlıdır ki bunların yorum ve değerlendirilmesi Ulusal Acil Plan dahilinde önem taşımaktadır. Esasen, denizlerin gemilerden ldrletilmesinin önlenmesi ve acil durum eylemlerinin geliştirilmesi, hem merkezi ve taşra teşkilatları açısından idari bir yönetim meselesi hem de denizlerin özellikle petrolle kirlenmesi durumunda verim, fizibilite açısından hangi metodlann seçileceğine dair teknik bir problem olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Bu bilgilerin ışığında yerel bir acil müdahale esasları bazında istanbul için bir acil plan geliştirilmeye çalışılmıştır.
Özet (Çeviri)
SUMMARY EVALUATION OF MARINE OIL POLLUTION AND ITS CONTROL METHODS With the development of maritime transport of oil and with the improvement of large, technically sophisticated tankers, pollution of sea water seemed to be an important phenomenon for many countries. Although phenomenon of contamination of sea water by ships is undoubtedly not a new one, it has attracted public's attention only recently, being the result of generally increased consciousness of environmental problems in the latest decades. Continuous, chronic, operational pollution despite being far a pre-dominant source of oil in the sea, would never suffice to attract the interest of so many different social structures as did the above mentioned accident and several others which followed in the seventies and early eighties. The problem of marine pollution, which were traditionally the field of interest of marine biology and to a certain degree of law, chemistry and medicine, suddenly became the subject of research programs and activities in various other fields including economy, transport, oceanography, technology, engineering and even sociology and literature. In order to limit the scope of word“pollution”it is necessary to quote the definition of pollution as following; 'Tollution means the introduction by man, directly or indirectly of substances or energy into the marine environment (including estuaries) resulting in such deleterious effects as harm to living sources, hazards to human health, hindrance to marine activities including fishing, impairment of quality for use of sea water and reduction of amenities". The recent evolution of maritime transport has given rise to a risk of accidental marine pollution which does not compare in the past. The risk became a reality on several occasions and the nations concerned realized the imperative need to prepare themselves against disasters in and in case of failure, when these disasters occur, to fight them and limit their effect. Accidental pollution likely to affect the environment can be thermal, bacterial, radio-active and chemical As sources of marine oil pollution are inspected, it can be noted that these sources can originate from. land or. sea by means of location, or as for another system of classification, sources may be. intentional or. unintentional XISuperpozmg those 4 classifications, all sources for marine oil pollution can be quoted. The most reliable evaluation of oil input into oceans from all sources has been published by National Research Council which gives an amount of total 1.7-8.8 million tons of oiL The cited amounts are given in Table 1. This problem gets a more critic aspect for a special channel, Bosphorus, considering 5 tankers passing by every hour and an amount of 65 metric tons of oil transported through Bosphorus. Lay-out of sea accidents occurred in Marmara Sea and Bosphorus underlines the fact that most accidents happened in Bosphorus by means of collision. Related Tables 2 and 3 are given. Table 2 Sea Accidents Occurred through 1983-1994 at Marmara SeaFor the development of prevention marine oil pollution by ships, national and international acts should be examined firstly. At international field, many conventions and regulations are put into force since 19S4. The most outstanding one amongst them is MARPOL- 1973/78 that arranges statements about equipments to be assembled at ships and harbours, special areas and liasions among contracting parties. Other related international acts can be named as;. SOLAS-1974/78. STCW-1978. U.N. Marine Law Act. Protocol for The Prevention of Pollution of Mediterrenean. Protocol to The Barcelona Convention By means of our national literature, this problem presents more importance, because related acts are quite prevalent and disorganized. Responsibility and obligation distribution, unfortunately, has not been not well organized, so by means of practical and performance means, many problems are faced. These problems should be immideately eliminated. Our national acts for the related topic can be counted as follows: Environmental Act Act for the Establishment and Responsibilites of Ministry of Environment Regulation for the Fining of Ships and Receipts to be Used. Act for the Establishment and Responsibilites of Ministry of Transport Act for the Establishment and Responsibilites of Association for the Protection of Special Areas. Act for Harbours Act for Coast Guard Commandership Act for Water Products Regulation for The Protection of Water Pollution Act for the Obligations And Services Harbours, Airports and Borders Regulation About Fires Set at Sea and Shoreline Regulation For Research and Rescue Regulations About Emergency Planning and Implementing Examining of the above cited literature, the best model for the prevention of sea pollution by ships needs an appropriate arrangement and cooperation between; Ministry of Environment Ministry of Transport Ministry of Internal Affairs Commandership of Coast Guard Governor City Municipality local associations Additionally, centres for the monitoring of sea pollution and ships, fining regulations, cleaning of shores and international cooperation and coordination should be assembled and developed. By means of legal and literature, prevention of pollution of sea by ships needs a comprehensive and detailed structure since many governmental and public organizations seem to have responsibilities and duties. XlllProbably the best model is a national system under administration of Ministry of Environment with the cooperation of Ministry of Transport and local maritime related associations, either public or governmental There seems to be some ascertainities and problems, thus, defining a final system needs a cooperation multi lateral and information - experience exchange. Counting Mediterranean to be one of the most out standing maritime ways of petrol, Mediterranean countries came together to form a convention to protect and MEDIPOL is brought into force following Barcelona and Genoa Conventions. This protocol is the basis of our study as it is the best literature for governmental, adminisrational, financial, operational and technical aspects of prevention of sea pollution by ships. Technically, combating oil pollution needs the interference of many important factors such as organization, responsibilies, selecting the most appropriate method and supplement of required equipment and personnel. For this purpose the priority fields of activities should be:. Collection of information,. Sampling,. Determination of main characteristics,. Monitoring of pollution following the assembling of air observation,. Detection of oil spills,. Estimation and marking of slick movement,. Selection of method to be applied. For the application of appropriate strategy, many technical options are present. Selection of these methods are based on the nature of accident and local conditions, so only one appropriate method can not be named. Nevertheless basic options may be counted such as,. Booms,. Dispersants,. Skimmers,. Sorbents,. Other recovery methods,. Reception and treatment facilities. Recovery of oil at shores presents a more important aspect and selection of appropriate method depends on the type of shore and environmental acceptibality of the proposed method. On the basis of MEDIPOL, oil combating in emergency requires another detailed study as this problem focuses on another important aspect of pollution; that is emergency planning. MEDIPOL brings on a basic fundamental about the matter which has been developed in the frames of Mediterranean Action Plan. This plan proposed and developed the assembling of REMPEC in order to organize oil combating in emergency. REMPEC put forward the main topics for the development of a National Contingency Plan. XIVla this model all the details of such a plan including technical and administrative aspects are outlined. This study proposes the administration, coordination, strategy selection, personel and equipment selection and transport, communication, assistance problems and gives a comprehensive contents of a Contingency Plan in detail Under these proposals, Istanbul Local Contingency Plan is examined. It is noted that this plan is a well thought attempt, nevertheless the Plan contains many failing and misunderstood aspects by means of practical means, coordination and cooperation in cases of emergency. Instead, another Plan is proposed on the basis REMPEC's study of a contingency plan. This plan proposes the chairmanship of Governor of Istanbul and responsibilities of many other local organizations, either public or governmental as given in Figure 1. Chief: Governor Initial Operation 1. Security Dept 2. Coast Guard 3. Fire Dept 4. Municipality 5. District Directorate of Transport Executive Committee:Harbour Master, Mayor Operation Finance: 1. City Environment Fund 2. Ciyt Executive Adminisrative Fund 3. Environmental Pollution Prevention Fund Com. proposes, Gov. performs Communication 1. Radio General Directorate 2. PTT General Directorate 3. Government Supplies Customs Directorate Transport of Personel and Equipment Com. proposes, Gov. performs Public Information and Reporting Equipment and Personel Supplement Figure 1 Istanbul Contingency Plan Proposal Scheme XV
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